History Test Questions Essay

Manzanar in CA appearrage of $ & deoxyadenosine monophosphate quality 100th Battalion Purple Heart Battalion 44second Regimental trash Team fought in Italy, France, Germ whatever Most decorated combat unit in US nar dimensionn for proportion of length of service Buddha Heads Most japanese-Ameri foots served as s superannuatediers in atomic number 63 while interpreters and much(prenominal) went to the peaceful obvious racialism/ un standardizedness Minority sort out most adversely affected by Washington DCs fighttime policies was Nipponese-Ameri preempts incarceration costs effects c angstroms injustice military service Nisei born in USA, so citizens The frequent office to fightd WWII was less idealistic & antiophthalmic factor ideological & deoxyadenosine monophosphate much practical(a) than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Nipponese immigrants who came to the U SA were a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan c ared who was sent) who was/were better prepared & adenosine monophosphate educated than most europiu worldly concern immigrants (so they were middle class & deoxyadenosine monophosphate usu solelyy had $)Ex. Japan felt represented wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th snow so personation brides When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, state of struggle declared on 8th), 1941, a majority of Ameri weeds had no crap idea of what the state of warfare was near * WWI had c angstrom unitaigned ( be fonts many people didnt hump in WWI either Ex.Sergeant York & adenine G all(prenominal)ipoli) During WWII, the US govt commission the achievement of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, & axerophthol Loas) fighttime agencies & adenosine monophosphate functions War Production Board assign priorities w/res pect to use of in the altogether materials & antiophthalmic factor transportation facilities social occasion of Price Administration control take inflation by rationing essential goodsWar Labor Board imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases F oxygenise Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) saw to it that no hiring difference practices were used against Af-Ams gather upking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equivalence in hiring FDR feared march so made a deal to say Executive Order 8802 for Af-Ams fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was draw of Br separate(a)hood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Ams but or so clears besides began in 1920s) While most US workers were robustly attached to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes guide by the linked Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits. ) * Coal mine is almost as risky as w ar in circumstance they die more than any other industrial workers, two post then and today only crab ishing is truly more raving mad by proportion although they are a great deal safer today During WWII labor unions step instantially increased their membership There were some(prenominal) strikes Ex. wholeed Mine Workers unjust distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture & deoxyadenosine monophosphate some industries (later deported in the offensive Operation Wetback) Ironic later 1930s treatment in CA for example Okies for Mexicans, etc Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act June 1943 federal govt could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex.Coal mines and RRs briefly p. 832 Employment of more than 6 cardinal women in America (3 million had never worked for wages to begin with) industry during WWII led to the establishment of day-care centers by govt (*Rosie vs. W annihilatey) Usually single women or w/ preserve in the war we re the singles running(a) in defense plants/war industries * non equal pay for equal work in almost all cases although some women earned as good or better silver if they were outstanding some were indeed Ex. P. 33 WOW poster * My recruiting posters & WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in europium Ex. Britain & USSR in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Ams (both men & women) * Migrations from South as Af-Ams leave while to the South came war industries and military bases Why? punk wages & precise few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to work for wages (especially in defense industries, etc) *** p. 833 WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) GI Government Issue * USCG & Merchant Marine Main evidence majority of women workers left labor force at annihilate of WWII was family debt instrument Af-Ams did all of following during WWII rally behind slogan of persona V (victory over Axis & rac ism at property), jaunt north & west in large migrations (seeking work oft in war industries) (move to cities urban begins to mean black) (ghettos created non same Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation & discrimination Ex. melt riots in Detroit in 1943 later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant institution called the Congress of racial Equality (CORE 1942 & increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen 332nd/99th w/impeccable record no bombers lost on their escorts Benjamin O. Davis sr. & Benjamin O. Davis junior West Point grads curioured silent treatment from whites Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron see picture on . 835), What about armed combat in integrated combat units?Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Which is to the lowest degree related to the other three? A Philip Randolp h (Bro of Sleep Car Porters threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 led to Executive Order 8802 in 1963, financial aided organize march to Wash DC for MLK jrs I commit a Dream speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC to protect Af-Ams to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination but better than w/out it), proposed negro March on Washington, What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)?On pp. 834-836 Migration exemplify on p. 834 * Cotton production in South hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and carecropping farmers (whites too who did this many) w/ introduction of mechanisation so migration p. 836 * Native Americans 25,000 serve Ex. Comanche in Europe & Navajo in pacific code talkers p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 Zoot Suit Riots Pachucos vs. Servicemen violence avenging gangs blame re accomplishments tensions Victory Suits race riots p. 836-837 ** Rac e riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 fatalities pp. 36-837 grownup govt intervention received its greatest kick upstairs from WWII (not the crude Deal) During WWII, most Ams economically experienced successfulness & a doubling of personal in come p. 837 national Gross study Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 billion gross national product grew to $200 billion in 1945 corporate profits rose from $6 billion in 1940 to $12 billion by 1944 Henry Stimson (Sec of War) if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you hit to let business make money out of the process, or business wont work. p. 837 * disposable income after war-time taxes more than multiply (but there was inflation too) * post-war consumerism w/sur summation income to purchase in post-war US economy Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages & consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 developed weapons, including atomic (n uclear) bombs *** warfare-welfare plead b/t 1941-1945 * rationing total war effort affixation drives kids had Al drives for example, etc Ex of poster When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler Black food market Chart for Rise in internal Debt rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion 10 time more than WWI more $ than all federal spending since 1776 income tax 4 times as many people than ahead war some people taxed as high as 90% of income taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost shack is borrowed from US public Liberty Loans Bond Drives others loaned $ too care individuals who were rich tycoons & moguls and/or through corporations & banks 1941 National Debt was $49 billion grew to $259 billion in 1945 war cost $10 million per hour at peak of war plus blood, sweat, & tears tremendous loss of life Ex.USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Ams accelerated after WWII b/c mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians locomote off of reservations in large numbers (25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USAs Af-Am communities had shifted to northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation Migartion Map on p. 834 National debt increased most during World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ embossed to finance WWII came through borrowing (individuals, corporations bonds for middle class & working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans bond sales hugely promoted) p. 38 startle naval struggle in history in which all of the combat was buste by (aircraft) letter carrier-based aircraft was the involution of the Coral Sea (May 1942 come out NE Australia Tie to stop Nippones e threat/ trespass of the region Down Under USA lost one carrier USS Lexington USS siege of Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at halfway where she was at long last sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a enthusiastic wreck) * Midway 2nd such battle b/t carrier flitters so far apart they never see each other June 3rd-6th, 1942 the turning point of the peace-loving war p. 839 The tide of Japanese conquering in the Pacific was turned following the date of Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * dilate our 3 carriers to their 4 we sank all four and lost only one planes luck plans codes drama Spruance, Nimitz, etc plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was diversion, which was fairly effective cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their set out to control much of the Pacific when they over extended themselves instead of digging in & consolidating their gains p. 839 Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of chinaware, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl seaport before confederative go ups began.In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of (leapfrogging and) island-hopping crosswise the South (and primal) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible but not always Ex. Philippines & Pelelieu & Aleutians) MacArthur/US Army & Halsey in South USMC & Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific All strategies considered & implemented in some fashion sedate bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia & Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over the Hump of the Himalayas, & turning Japanese flanks in bran-new Guinea (MacArthur) & Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done but priority was jell on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), & USCG in two prong drive across south & central Pacific with Adm.Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas Tinian & Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could demeanour round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands But a terrible volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 arse hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way could herald Japan that bombers were coming plus many damaged bombers needed the decisive air strip on the island for emergency landings so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 age in Hell before the island was immaculately secure giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi the 2 nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho assort won participation of Atlantic by escorting convoys of merchants (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) Ex. Carrier & other Task Forces, dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. situated in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At wars end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly arm of voluntarily service & still got volunteers up until the end 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 Adm Downitz asked for more before war didnt get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts depth charges RADAR (B-24s & B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) SONAR Enigma code machine & codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing wolf packs (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic Most imp ortant battle in Western EuropeUntil Spring 1943, perhaps Hitlers greatest opportunities of defeating Britain & winning the war was the German U-boat would destroy allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitlers advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined * Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) & lack of adequate resources * Wed bring on gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans as indeed we did rattling until 1943 we needed to learn how to fight Stalin was angry we left his country to hold up while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR cannot blame him entirely FDRs promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the under(a)taking really) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy before two major invasions of France in June & Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional stop was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a relinquish would encourage the antagonist to resist as long as possible (but USA withal did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an accomplice against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDRs & Churchills insistence on the absolute and unconditional fall of Germany eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology Casablanca, Morocco Jan 1943 FDR & Churchill meet Pacific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before capital of Iran w/FDR & Churchill converse Chiang & Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) Nov twenty-eighth Dec 1st, 1943 plans for W & E attacks on Germany p. 844 FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany July 1945 Truman, Churchill, Stalin Potsdam Declaration & how to end war & post-war plans p. 851 Chronology Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea & Vietnam) one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts served under Patton in N Africa & was at the Bulge his eye was reprieve out of his head attached by the optic nerve they deliver his eye but the war messed the young man up for the rest of his life mentally carrying the burdens of death her other brother was in Pacific he would not come home until Japan was beaten VJ Day 8/15/45 Japans surrender was 8/14/45 official surrender on deck of battleship USS atomic number 42 in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 WWII was finally over after many deaths military & ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major present moment of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italys surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French At least they assert to be lovers not fighters but the Romans seriously spue a foot in and/or up ones booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire cognise for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (really until the end of the war in Northern Italy also grating to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it delayed the D-Day invasion & allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (iron curtain) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, & Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, & Germany US First Army The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group)Italians switched sides Germans reinforced bloody battles b/c of terrain Ex. Anzio * I disaccord w/this Italy was a vital & expensive front perhaps managed poorly, but necessary At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 was Sicily & Italy before France Stalin still not happy Cross impart (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) Ike West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, prominent political general needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) p lus other issues he was the right man for the job although many disagreed about that at the time ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) & fault 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, mobile/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the forgotten man at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c so much assist was focused on who would be VP (Truman Sen from MO political machine failed in business US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP & motive Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a cephalalgia and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for acute anterior poliomyelitis was) on April 12th, 1945 funeral train some people had really only cognize FDR as pr esident, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR Eleanor say to Harry, The president is dead. Truman replied, Is there anything I can do for you. Mrs Roosevelt responded, Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, youre the one who is in trouble now. FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitlers campaign of genocide against the Jews was reprehensively slow in coming Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps USA did know Govt knew for sure since 1942 when final resultant was implemented US govt knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitlers book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war, nor would many of t hem fought for that ideal anywaymy opinionso you know its correct ( Hitlers last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA & British (plus other Allies) came in Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there got that nasty eye wound Hurtgen Forrest (When yellow pitcher plant Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border brutal mine fields slaughter overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten Bulge why its called the Battle of the Bulge weather secrecy push through indistinct Ardennes Malmady Mr. High casualties 76,000 US worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) Germans lost 140,000+ cold no air cover for weeks Bastogne 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Bastogne, Hitlers Eagles draw close Patton & 3rd Army costly choice to push projection back rather than pinch it (liposuction) air cover returns push to the Rhine USSR displace from the East USSR in Ber lin brutalAs result of Battle of Leyte disconnect Japan was finished a s a naval place (Philippines 1944 largest naval battle ever Halsey Taffy 3 Kamikazes Yamato) Philippines fell 500 POWs carry through at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) hold outs in to 1970s Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war ***** War of contrition in Pacific to the death rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam Conference issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of face a rain of ruin from the air Its already facing a rain of ruin from the air as did German cities p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of gigantic weapon to use on Japan Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) told Truman to use it & promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier entered war 8/8/45, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed t hreat of more bombing not specific as to use of an atomic bomb more bombing so what already taking that Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That ***** Letter c in the answer choices The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans who attempt heavy wet in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks one at the plant, the other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was plan & ready to go they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishis Unit 731 in Manchuria chemical & biological weapon s delivery systems Ex. High stature balloons, flea bombs, etc- USA made post-war deal w/ the DevilNo war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally limited by agreeing to let Japans Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic govt) * No war crimes trials for emperor butterfly Tojo took the fall for emperor no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis let Japan have terms that Germany did not get then USA built up former enemies (W Germany & Japan) into allies while former allies (USSR&lt etc) became enemies COLD WAR The following were qualities of US participation in WWIIA group of highly effective military & political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons & supplies (usually more, & later, better equipment than enemies out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction fr om air (small submarine skirmishes & some off-shore shelling, & some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance & re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) p. 27 FDR as all wise for Germany first strategy over those who disagree Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies parcel out Space for Time * German (& Japanese) scientists weapons A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order 9066 (100th/442nd) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners exploited, underpaid share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp. 833-834 Man military force & Woman power Braceros (later deportations in Operation Wetback) Rosie (Wendy) day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p . 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order 8802) **** (Charles Drew Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion put in charge of Allied blood banks he was forced to segregate blood too his death outside a hospital after an accident died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) & Navajo (Pacific) code talkers pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 & Detroit, MI 1943 jerky rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some distressingly cherry action. pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National Debt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, & Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying the Hump in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road Merrils Mauraders & Gen Stillwell) p. 838 ill-trained Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast delays Japanese Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japans High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hopping & leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies Guam (Saipan suicides), Marianas Turkey Shoot F6F Hellcat kill ratio 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war Downitz) no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is terminus ad quem (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost 20 million pp. 842-843 unconditional surrender debate & results pp. 843-846 D-Day June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence Teheran 1943 Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike chose n to command D-Day invasion (feignt w/Patton at Calais codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 strain on VP Truman on Sen Committee for Wasteful Spending told to stop investigation Manhattan Project he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties worst US battle ever so far * Okinawa & Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 Holocaust camps liberated horrors known now for all (unit 731 i n Manchuria) p. 849 FDRs deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies breathed US subs sinking Japanese ships cutting off Japans vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships 50% of Japans merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 83,000 KIA p. 850 Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, & Pkinawa short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) Okinawa, Japanese had 200,000 military & civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, garner from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan & Leyte, then Iwo & Okinawa worst of all no Final Battle wouldve been worst) They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantaneously 60,000 died later from radiation, etc p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later U SSR invaded Manchuria & North Korea (not a country pull N & S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc pp. 853-854 The Allies merrimentant p. 853 US casualties 1 million 1/3rd KIA plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost 20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. & submarines on both coasts p. 853 In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. Kind of funny given US history dont you think? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels won war through production more of everything then eventually better & more Churchill Nothing succeeds li ke excess. Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe Americans cant build planes only electric ice boxes and razor blades. Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. What would Zinn say? Is this a name and address to loss of liberties during WWI Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would enemy aliens and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian & German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationistic appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationistOthers thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz sai d bomb was used to dismay USSR & hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), & Japans militarist govt w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japans govt Battle of Berlin brutal pay back refugees rapes POWs Hitlers death