How Will Immigration and an Aging Labour Force Affect You Assignment - 1

How Will Immigration and an Aging Labour Force Affect You - Assignment Example When the majority of the immigrants are of the aging population, they put a strain on the working population and the resources of the government. At best, the aging population will work for a short while after which they will retire and start enjoying their pension. Their contribution to the general economy will immensely reduce. The government will have to tax the working age group to meet the needs of the government and to sustain the dependents, the aging population. When the aging population is composed of people older than the age of sixty-five, then the situation becomes different. This population does not contribute in any way to the economy but only spend what the economic agents produce. They lower the GDP of the economy and heavily reduce the resources of the government. They are a burden to the government and the continuous increase means the government will spend more on healthcare and pension than on productive engagements and

Chapter 16 Summary Essay Example for Free

Chapter 16 Summary Essay In this chapter we are going to learn about therapy, treating psychological disorders, evaluating psychotherapies, the biomedical therapies, and preventing psychological disorders. You have three ways on how to treat disorders. They are psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and eclectic approach. Psychotherapy is treatment involving psychological techniques consisting of interactions between some seeking to overcome difficulties and a trained therapist. Biomedical therapy is prescribed medicine that acts differently on every persons physiology. Lastly eclectic approach is an approach on the clients problems which uses various forms of therapy. Sigmund Freuds psychoanalysis was the first of the therapies to be formed. The techniques that we have are resistance, interpretation, and transferring. Interpretation is noting supposed dream meanings and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. We have psychodynamic therapies which is a tradition that views on individuals when they respond to unconscious forces and childhood experiences. There are three psychotherapy skeptics which are people often need therapy when they are in crisis, clients need to believe that doing therapy will eventually help them with their problems, and clients need to speak kindly to their therapist and to respect what they have to say. Many studies are digested by what they call meta-analysis. Various therapies which have three benefits. These benefits are hope for demoralized people, a new perspective of the way we look at things, and a trusting, caring, empathetic relationship. The emotion between the client and his/her thera pist is called therapeutic alliance which is a key concept to being a therapist. In our world we have antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, and mod-stabilizing medications. Antipsychotic drugs are drugs used to schizophrenia and other severe disorders. While antidepressant drugs are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. Electroconvulsive therapy is a therapy for severely depressed patients which is a brief electric current sent through the brain.

The Debate of Human Cloning Essay -- Cloning Clones Science Genetics E

Missing Appendix The Debate of Human Cloning Human cloning has become a hot topic for debate. As we progressed one step closer to successfully cloning and developing a human being, legislators and the general public have become more concerned about the ethical and moral implications of this procedure. The federal government has been unsuccessful in reaching an agreement as to what policy to pass and enact. Thus, any current legislation on human cloning has been developed and enforced by individual states. The state of California is one of the few states in the United States that has a policy on human cloning. Human cloning is banned in the state of California. Because current policy does not allow for any human cloning to take place, many research projects have come to a standstill. Scientists have still been able to carry out certain cloning procedures that may not be viewed as ethical by the general public as a result of loopholes in current legislation. It is recommended that the current policy in place be revised to eliminate these loopholes and rewritten to permit human cloning to take place to generate the tissue and cells needed for therapeutic development and research to take place. The ban on human cloning should only apply when the procedure is used for reproductive purposes because current research has shown that it is not safe to use in humans at this time(Appendix A.1). With proper restrictions and guidelines in place, society stands to gain many benefits through permitting human cloning for the purpose of research. DRAFT April 17, 1999 M E M O R A N D U M TO: California State Legislators and Governor Gray Davis DATE: April 17, 1999 SUBJECT: Recommendation that the state of California continues its ban on human cloning but revise the current policy to permit human cloning for research. BACKGROUND On July 5, 1996, researchers in Scotland made history when they announced the birth of Dolly, the world’s first successful cloning of a sheep (Appendix A.1). The world was shocked. The ability to reproduce human beings without sexual reproduction was no longer only an idea to be explored in sci-fi movies and books. After over forty years of research and development, human cloning is quickly becoming a reality. The basic technique used to clone humans and animals, somatic-cell nuclear transfer, involves the insertion of DNA from a soma... ...MA. 1997;278: 13-14. 11) http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html 12) Wise, Jacqui. â€Å"Bills on Human Cloning Are Full of Loopholes.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 573. 13) http://www.usfca.edu/cloning/ 14) http://www.humancloning.org/ 15) Mayor, Susan. â€Å"UK Authorities Recommend Human Cloning for Therapeutic Research.† British Medical Journal. 1998;317: 1613. 16) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p.894. 17) Bower, Hilary. â€Å"Public Consultation on Human Cloning Launched.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 411. 18) http://www.seattletimes.com/health-science/html98/clon_012098.html 19) Benatar, D. â€Å"Cloning and Ethics.† QJM. 1998;91: 165-166. 20) Josefson, Deborah. â€Å"US Scientist Plans Human Cloning Clinic.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 167. 21) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p. 415. 22) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p. 248. 23) http://www.ebglaw.com/newsstand/cloning.html 24) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p.435. The Debate of Human Cloning Essay -- Cloning Clones Science Genetics E Missing Appendix The Debate of Human Cloning Human cloning has become a hot topic for debate. As we progressed one step closer to successfully cloning and developing a human being, legislators and the general public have become more concerned about the ethical and moral implications of this procedure. The federal government has been unsuccessful in reaching an agreement as to what policy to pass and enact. Thus, any current legislation on human cloning has been developed and enforced by individual states. The state of California is one of the few states in the United States that has a policy on human cloning. Human cloning is banned in the state of California. Because current policy does not allow for any human cloning to take place, many research projects have come to a standstill. Scientists have still been able to carry out certain cloning procedures that may not be viewed as ethical by the general public as a result of loopholes in current legislation. It is recommended that the current policy in place be revised to eliminate these loopholes and rewritten to permit human cloning to take place to generate the tissue and cells needed for therapeutic development and research to take place. The ban on human cloning should only apply when the procedure is used for reproductive purposes because current research has shown that it is not safe to use in humans at this time(Appendix A.1). With proper restrictions and guidelines in place, society stands to gain many benefits through permitting human cloning for the purpose of research. DRAFT April 17, 1999 M E M O R A N D U M TO: California State Legislators and Governor Gray Davis DATE: April 17, 1999 SUBJECT: Recommendation that the state of California continues its ban on human cloning but revise the current policy to permit human cloning for research. BACKGROUND On July 5, 1996, researchers in Scotland made history when they announced the birth of Dolly, the world’s first successful cloning of a sheep (Appendix A.1). The world was shocked. The ability to reproduce human beings without sexual reproduction was no longer only an idea to be explored in sci-fi movies and books. After over forty years of research and development, human cloning is quickly becoming a reality. The basic technique used to clone humans and animals, somatic-cell nuclear transfer, involves the insertion of DNA from a soma... ...MA. 1997;278: 13-14. 11) http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html 12) Wise, Jacqui. â€Å"Bills on Human Cloning Are Full of Loopholes.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 573. 13) http://www.usfca.edu/cloning/ 14) http://www.humancloning.org/ 15) Mayor, Susan. â€Å"UK Authorities Recommend Human Cloning for Therapeutic Research.† British Medical Journal. 1998;317: 1613. 16) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p.894. 17) Bower, Hilary. â€Å"Public Consultation on Human Cloning Launched.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 411. 18) http://www.seattletimes.com/health-science/html98/clon_012098.html 19) Benatar, D. â€Å"Cloning and Ethics.† QJM. 1998;91: 165-166. 20) Josefson, Deborah. â€Å"US Scientist Plans Human Cloning Clinic.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 167. 21) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p. 415. 22) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p. 248. 23) http://www.ebglaw.com/newsstand/cloning.html 24) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p.435. The Debate of Human Cloning Essay -- Cloning Clones Science Genetics E Missing Appendix The Debate of Human Cloning Human cloning has become a hot topic for debate. As we progressed one step closer to successfully cloning and developing a human being, legislators and the general public have become more concerned about the ethical and moral implications of this procedure. The federal government has been unsuccessful in reaching an agreement as to what policy to pass and enact. Thus, any current legislation on human cloning has been developed and enforced by individual states. The state of California is one of the few states in the United States that has a policy on human cloning. Human cloning is banned in the state of California. Because current policy does not allow for any human cloning to take place, many research projects have come to a standstill. Scientists have still been able to carry out certain cloning procedures that may not be viewed as ethical by the general public as a result of loopholes in current legislation. It is recommended that the current policy in place be revised to eliminate these loopholes and rewritten to permit human cloning to take place to generate the tissue and cells needed for therapeutic development and research to take place. The ban on human cloning should only apply when the procedure is used for reproductive purposes because current research has shown that it is not safe to use in humans at this time(Appendix A.1). With proper restrictions and guidelines in place, society stands to gain many benefits through permitting human cloning for the purpose of research. DRAFT April 17, 1999 M E M O R A N D U M TO: California State Legislators and Governor Gray Davis DATE: April 17, 1999 SUBJECT: Recommendation that the state of California continues its ban on human cloning but revise the current policy to permit human cloning for research. BACKGROUND On July 5, 1996, researchers in Scotland made history when they announced the birth of Dolly, the world’s first successful cloning of a sheep (Appendix A.1). The world was shocked. The ability to reproduce human beings without sexual reproduction was no longer only an idea to be explored in sci-fi movies and books. After over forty years of research and development, human cloning is quickly becoming a reality. The basic technique used to clone humans and animals, somatic-cell nuclear transfer, involves the insertion of DNA from a soma... ...MA. 1997;278: 13-14. 11) http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html 12) Wise, Jacqui. â€Å"Bills on Human Cloning Are Full of Loopholes.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 573. 13) http://www.usfca.edu/cloning/ 14) http://www.humancloning.org/ 15) Mayor, Susan. â€Å"UK Authorities Recommend Human Cloning for Therapeutic Research.† British Medical Journal. 1998;317: 1613. 16) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p.894. 17) Bower, Hilary. â€Å"Public Consultation on Human Cloning Launched.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 411. 18) http://www.seattletimes.com/health-science/html98/clon_012098.html 19) Benatar, D. â€Å"Cloning and Ethics.† QJM. 1998;91: 165-166. 20) Josefson, Deborah. â€Å"US Scientist Plans Human Cloning Clinic.† British Medical Journal. 1998;316: 167. 21) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p. 415. 22) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p. 248. 23) http://www.ebglaw.com/newsstand/cloning.html 24) Furrow, Barry, et al. Health Law: Cases, Materials and Problems. St. Paul: West Group, 1997, p.435.

Needs Are Artificially Created

Skills assignment 1: ‘Needs Are Artificially Created’ Requirements Max 700 words incl referencing, titles Excl bibliography Source for every argument APA referencing Explain terminology Intro * Definition of marketing * Definition of needs -> motives -> biogenic or psychogenic, artificial needs? , wants and demands * Definition of artificially creating * Represent the guiding essay question, represent your stance: needs are already existent and marketing merely satisfies the needs. Needs pre-exist marketing. Essay question: Are the ‘needs’ of consumers artificially created? Body 1 Theoretical argument (assumption): * Theory of rational consumer choice * Microeconomics book: research combinations of prices and goods, preferences, optimal consumption point * Maslow pyramid: needs are in a hierarchical order, but they already exist. logical reasoning: needs are prefilled, therefore cannot be created. Marketing is mainly guidance for consumers about availability and prices of products. 2 Empirical arguments -> factual * Contra: observations that disprove iPhones/Tablets -> statistics of sales * Industry of organic food -> statistics * Pro * Safety advertisements Conclusion ————————————————- Summarize. Clear end sentence â€Å"Marketers do not create needs: Needs preexist marketers, marketers along with other societal factors, influence wants. Marketers might promote idea that Mercedes would satisfy a person’s need for social status. They do not, however, create the need for social status†. (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management: eleventh edition, chapter one, page no. 1) Need becomes motive (p 98 kotler) when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity to drive us to act. 3 theoretical arguments: freud, maslow, Herzberg. Freud: psychological shaping behaviour i. e. need for recognition, esteem or belonging. Freud states that there’s unconscious behaviour/needs/motivation†¦ Such as size, shape, weight and brand name. Marketers can use the technique â€Å"laddering† which traces a person’s motivations on a scale. (look up? ) This can help the marketer decide at what level to develop the message and appeal.

The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the East Jersey Treasury

William Franklin, illegitimate son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin grew up almost entirely in England. It was there that he earned his Master’s degree from Oxford, got accepted to the bar and even married. He returned to America and 1763 and became Governor of New Jersey. Although William was well educated and a powerful administrator, the office of the Governor was losing power and although his first two years were mainly uneventful, several scandals paved the way for his demise.The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the East Jersey Treasury and the second being his refusal to dismiss the Treasurer. Both these acts began to lead for very ill feelings towards him. Still, Franklin stayed loyal to the British crown, which not only cost him in the eyes of the residents but also stopped him for receiving much needed military support. In 1774 people began to reject the royal government and when the revolution began he was nearly powerless in every way, to act against it.It was his loyalty to England that strained his relationship with his father, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. As William’s unpopularity grew, so his relationship failed. After the American Revolution began, he made his siding with the Loyalists well known and fought bitterly with his father about his decision to remain a loyal patriot. As the War progressed, this internal strife grew. In 1775 William and Benjamin parted ways, never to meet as friends again.With America’s opposition to Britain tightening, and now young Franklin’s motives being openly challenged, New Jersey took action. In 1776 the New Jersey Congress ordered Williams arrest and he was imprisoned until 1778 when he was exchanged. While imprisoned, William suffered both physically and emotionally. While on her deathbed George Washington wrote a letter to Congress asking that she be allowed to see William, but Benjamin did not weigh in, and the request was denied.After his release he stayed in New York for a brief per iod and served as president of the Board of Associated Loyalists, a pro-British party that conducted guerilla war against the colonies. Four years later Williams returned to England, never to come back to America again. It is said that he did reconcile with his father in 1784, but upon Benjamin Franklin’s death he left William virtually none of his wealth and only mentioned him in his autobiography is very indirectly and only to say they are on good standing.Dr. Franklin also makes the point that if had England had won the war, he would have no wealth to leave his son anyway. Some theorize that when William died in 1813, that he had reconciled with his father. Others say Benjamin did meet in England with William to â€Å"forgive and forget. † While history does prove this meeting, it does not prove any reconciliation and does state that Dr. Franklin slipped away on his last day, never saying goodbye to his son.

Advances In Medicine Essays - Philippe Pinel, Perri Klass, Medicine

Advances In Medicine Essays - Philippe Pinel, Perri Klass, Medicine Advances In Medicine As the history of medicine has evolved, a number of trends and prevailing opinions have swept the profession. One of the most subtle, and yet most revealing results of these sweeping trends manifests itself by altering the tone in medical conversations and dialogues, often available to the non-medical person in the form of texts and literature. A relatively current example appears in the form of Perri Klass A Not Entirely Benign Procedure, a text dedicated to the experiences of the author at Harvard Medical School. Published in 1987, Klass work offers an interesting, if not shocking comparison to Philippe Pinels The Clinical Training of Doctors, an article published in 1783. It seems that, despite the obvious advancements and progress in medical technology and general care, the modern Klass presents less certainty about the profession and its abilities than does the eighteenth century article. In Pinels article, however, a distinct tone of holistic healing pervades the proposed train ing of physiciansthe lack of which Klass bemoans in her work. The contrast between the two works affords the reader a view into two parallel transitions in medicine: the decline of certainty and the decline of holistic care. One of the most shocking aspects of Pinels article involves the specificity in patient setting and observation he demands. From precise measurements of the weather to room orientations, Pinel seems to imply that precision in observation and care-giving will lead to precise diagnoses and eventual cures: It is obvious that medical observations can be precise and conclusive only if the evidence is reduced to the smallest possible number of facts and to the plainest data. The outline for the training of physicians Pinel proposes attempts to create an environment that allows the kind of precision that will lead to conclusive outcomes in patient care. Pinels demands range from the sensible to the seemingly outrageous. His proposal to closely scrutinize the diets of patients, as well as to experiment with these diets, seems to coincide with modern beliefs and practices. Indeed, just as Pinel recommends, one of the first and fundamental questions asked by any physician or health care provide r involves an investigation into previous food intake. Most of his section entitled Questions to ask upon admitting a patient conforms with modern practice. The more extreme requests and propositions, however, offer a more penetrating insight into his and his times beliefs concerning the potential of medicine. Pinel requires that his teaching hospital be equipped with a battery of meteorological instruments in order to enhance the level of precision in determining the potential influences on patients. To function accurately and properly, the physician must account for all possible influences on the health and condition of the patient: Notes on celestial observations, meteors, and the phases of the moon should complement the daily recordings from these [meteorological] instruments. Oddly, this level of observation requires a near impossible exertion of effort on the part of the physician, and it would be a wonder if the patient did not succumb to his illness by the time these initial observations were made. The implications of Pinels suggestions include the assumption that a cure can be found, and precise scientific scrutiny will inevitably reveal its location. As an interesting aside, Pinel wrote well before the time of scientists like Heisenberg (circa 1900), who helped elucidate the fundamental impossibility of knowing all the possible outcomes of a situation by merely understanding the initial conditions of that situationthe premise of modern Chaos Theory. Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle was a watershed moment in the general paradigm of science in that it posited a limit on the accuracy of observation. Knowledge of the position of a particle came at the expense of knowledge of its velocity, and knowledge of velocity, at the expense of position. One of the hallmarks of modern science includes its attempts to cope with the realities and implications of unconquerable fundamental uncertainties. In some small way, Klass conveys this general scientific uncertainty from a personal perspective, which in turn reveals its presence in the entirety of medicine. In her segment entitled Curing, Klass depicts the presence of uncertainty in the modern medical profession. She does not deny that the expectation of cure still represents the model

Networking and Team Relationships

Networking and Team Relationships Networking and Team Relationships Management experts have argued that when team work together they have the possibility of achieving more than the sum total achievement of individual team members. To do this a team must have the necessary synergies to optimize collective efforts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Networking and Team Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Synergies are realized where effective managers have managed to create the necessary relationships within and without the team. Team relationships are cultivated where effective networks have been created. The need for establishing team relationships has been is because of the changing face of modern management. The reorganized management structures means that employees are gaining more power over their work place roles. This can be utilized effectively for the benefit of the organization as well as team members. But to realize this various typ e’s networks and relationships within the team must be properly enhanced. There are various types of networks and relationships in effective teams. Social relationships are an important part of networking and socialization as they help team members to increase the level of collaboration, help in sharing work related experiences and the enhancement of trust amongst the team members. Tacit knowledge is spread effectively through social relationships. Establishing social networks amongst team members is more beneficial in long term teams as member are aware that they will spend most of their working lives in various teams (Stirna Persson, 2008). Independent task networks are relationships found in teams that are task oriented and where individuals have to complete a task by themselves. In these types of relationships contact between team members is only guaranteed by the task that each of the members is performing. In this type of relationships, members successfully accomplish their individual roles which make up the overall team task (Dyck Neubert, 2010). Formal relationships exist in teams in form of identifying the particular job description and job titles. This type of relationships helps in establishing a sense of authority. It is through these relationships team leaders are able to rally the team to accomplish team task (Stirna and Persson, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Team managers can only realize effective network and relationships if they are able to rally the best human as well as social capital in behind their teams. Human capital has been described as the reservoir of capabilities, competences, abilities, skills and personalities. An effective workforce must have a composite of these factors so as to ably perform valuably for the team. Examples of human capital include team leaders, strategists and managers who ha ve gained the necessary human capital through education, professional training and on-the-job experience (Becker, 1993). Field (2008) argues that it is difficult to explain social capital without touching on human capital. This is because social capital is the economic value attached to people as social beings. Teams must invest in people who have the right relationships within and without the team. This will help the team access valuable resources out of those networks. A good example of social capital is a team member who is able to use his social influences to acquire a privilege for the team. Team managers have to empower such team members as they form not only part of the teams’ human capital but also social capital. Thus human and social capital complements each other. The realization of the right relationships and networks within teams is the key determinant on the level of the team performance. The relationships between human capital and social capital determine how w ell networks and relationships are formed in teams. Reference List Becker, G. (1993). Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis, with special  reference to education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dyck, B., Neubert, M. (2010). Management: current practices and new directions  Boston: Houston Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Networking and Team Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Field, J. (2008). Social capital. New York: Rutledge. Stirna, J., Persson, A. (2008).The practice of enterprise modeling: first IFIP WG  8.1 working conference. Stockholm: Springer

How to Use a Rock Hammer The Right Way

How to Use a Rock Hammer The Right Way The rock hammer is a powerful tool that takes practice to use well. Heres how to be safe as you do so. Dangers of Hammering Hammers arent hazardous by themselves. Whats around them is what creates danger. Rocks: Splinters from breaking rock can fly out in all directions. Broken rock pieces can fall on your feet or against your body. Rock exposures can sometimes be precarious and collapse. Piled-up rock at the base of an exposure can give way under your weight. Tools: Hammers and chisels are made of hard steel. This material can splinter, too, especially as the metal grows deformed with heavy use. The field: Roadcuts can put you very close to passing traffic. Overhangs can drop rocks on your head. And dont forget the local plants and animals. Before You Start Dress right. Protect your body from dings and scratches with long sleeves and pants. Wear shoes with closed toes, and bring a helmet if youre working in caves or cliffs. In wet conditions, wear gloves for a good grip. Be location-aware. At a roadside exposure, you may want a reflective vest. Look at whats overhead. Stand where a slip wont hurt you. Beware of hazardous plants like poison oak/ivy. Always know the local snakes and insects, too.​ Put on eye protection. Shutting your eyes as you swing is not the right tactic. Ordinary glasses are usually good enough, but everyone needs some kind of coverage, including bystanders. Plastic goggles are cheap and effective. Use the right hammer. The rock youre addressing will behave best under a hammer of the right weight, handle length and head design. Geologists choose one or two appropriate hammers before setting out, considering the type of rock they expect that day. Have your procedure planned. Are you following the most effective strategy for your goals? Can you get your hands free quickly if you slip? Are your chisel and magnifier handy? Hammer the Right Way Dont take chances. If you havent brought a helmet, dont go under overhangs. If you have to stretch out on one foot to reach a rock at arms length, stop- youre going about things the wrong way. Use tools the way theyre meant to be used. Never hammer another hammer- the two hard metals can strike nasty splinters off each other. The butt end of a chisel is made of softer steel than the hammer for that reason. Swing deliberately. Treat each blow like a play in a card game: know what you want to happen and have a plan for when it doesnt happen. Dont stand in a way that exposes your legs to accidental blows or falling rocks. If your arm is tired, take a break. Dont miss. A missed blow can send out splinters, strike sparks or hit your hand. A plastic hand guard fits on the chisel and helps prevent mishaps. Worn-out, rounded chisels and ​hammer heads can slip, too, so old tools should either be touched up or replaced. Hammer no more than necessary. Your time is better spent making observations, thinking about what you see, and enjoying your day in the field.

Exam model answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam model answer - Essay Example Thus, the current business environment necessitates development of new products that meet the changing requirements of the customers. The market strategy of the business must respond to the system as a whole rather than to one single variable, the product. The emerging new definition of market promotes relationship building with customers and other business partners. British Airways is prime example of relationship marketing. To maintain a competitive advantage, BA has consistently been coming up with different packages for its different customers and has forged alliances with various other business units to improve and improvise its services. It has been evolving new customized services for its different segments and attracting new customers with varying packages that may suit their status, needs and pricing. Thus, while it has special super-class cabins for its rich clients, the common man can also avail the services in economy class. (words: 260) Answer 2 Publics are major constit uents that significantly impact BA’s business strategies.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - Essay Example While in college, they found that the inefficiencies of the existing infrastructure led to great difficulties in being compatible with the numerous mail clients in operation and served to go from there. They took their idea with them when left the campus and Cisco Systems was born. Cisco grew rapidly and to cater to the company and product information distribution, launched an official website in 1991. It had a 50% share of the networking market and struggled to keep up with the calls it was receiving. By 1993, Cisco boasted a growth of an astounding 270%, but its IT department was sorely lacking to cope with a half billion-dollar company growing by 50% each year. The initial budget was for funding IT was 0.75% of sales and this was inadequate. CIO Pete Slovik and Senior Executive, Doug Allred, brought a revolutionary concept that entailed that the IT spending was linked to the business units that in turn necessitated close alignment to the company goals. Cisco's internal network would play a strategic role in providing the connectivity needed for the business units to build applications creatively. This new concept signified that a major upgrade to the existing infrastructure was needed if Cisco managers were to meet the customer satisfaction goals. Because it was a major decision that would cost millions, cash-strapped Cisco will find it quite complex. In 1994, Cisco's systems broke down unable to cope and Cisco was forced to close down for two days. There were other several minor troubles on the way. The Solution The board went ahead and approved the proposal for a $15 million Oracle ERP system. This would entail a 2.5 percent of the 1993 revenues, thrice the IT budget of the previous year. The total cost of completing the ERP was $100million. It is not an overstatement to say that the Oracle ERP system became the backbone of the Cisco E-Business. It unified all of the Unix Servers and became a source of centralized information. (Complete case study details available from website ). Why ERP Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a system that integrates a number of the back office functions of planning, manufacture, distribution, accounting and human resources etc. into a single system ERP is a method of serving each individualized department with minimal redundancies and hence has several customized software applications integrated by a single interface. Being vast and comprehensive, an ERP implementation can cost millions of dollars to create, and may take several years to complete. The advantages of the ERP system when properly implemented are tremendous. The integration of information of the departments allows easy sharing of information. Typical Benefits would include reductions in inventory, material costs, and labor and overhead costs, as well as improvements in customer service and sales, improved customer service and sales and improved accounting controls. It can speed up the manufacturing process by automating processes and workflow, and as a result, it reduces the need to carry large inventories. If implemented properly it will provide the company a major advantage in the competitive market. Contributing Factors to Successful

Who is the real monster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Who is the real monster - Essay Example rrified by what he has done, and abandons the so-called monster to his fate, wandering alone in the world looking at first for acceptance, but as time goes on, increasingly looking for revenge for all the pain and suffering that he is forced to endure. This paper analyzes Mary Shelley’s depiction of the scientist and his creature, showing how a number of key metaphors and similes, along with the conscious exploitation of extreme settings, reveal Doctor Frankenstein to be the real monster. The novel uses an interesting structure of some introductory letters at the beginning, and concluding letters at the end from a ship’s captain, Mr Walton, to frame the main story. The first main character to appear is â€Å"a being which had the shape of a man, but apparently of gigantic stature† (letter IV) and the second is â€Å"a human being...not, as the other traveller seemed to be, a savage inhabitant of some undiscovered island, but an European† (Letter IV). The perspective is of a neutral observer, the captain of a ship stranded in the far north. These descriptions reveal the standard prejudices of the time, in which Europeans considered themselves superior to other races, and through their history of slavery and colonialism treated other nations as â€Å"savages.† The ship’s captain is very impressed with Doctor Frankenstein’s highly civilized character but it is interesting that he also uses the word â€Å"creature† when de scribing him: â€Å"How can I see so noble a creature destroyed by misery... He is so gentle, yet so wise; his mind is so cultivated...† (letter IV). This introduction sets up an expectation that the strange guest on the ship is a good man, who will have an inspiring tale to tell, and that there is something wild and dangerous about the giant figure fleeing into the ice. When the Doctor is taken into the ship, the perspective changes to become his perspective and the main part of the book which follows consists of Doctor Frankenstein’s

Research Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Study - Assignment Example It was found that segmentation depends on a number of factors ranging from age, sexual orientation, education to even age. The benefits also spread far and wide from helping in identification of the most and least profitable customers, enabling grouping of consumers by factors like type and size of organization, category and lifestyle of consumers, geographical location, attitudes and behavior, enhancing customer service, helping a business build loyal relationships and so forth. Successful segmentation research, it was found, minimizes the number of segments only giving rise to a small number of big segments. Good research will enable classification of these groups through economic data and other essential information on how these segments change and develop over time. Both Bloomindale and Nordstrom offer high quality products and services though Nordstrom also serves customers of more modest means. Nordstrom Inc. is an upmarket American fashion department store, founded by Carl F. Wallin and John W. Nordstrom currently having its headquarters in Washington’s Seattle. Shoe retail was the company’s beginning and has since grown their catalog to incorporate cosmetics, clothing fragrances, accessories, jewelry and handbags. Some select Nordstrom stores also stock home furnishing and wedding sections. Asof March 16, 2012 it had 225 stores in the United States stores situated in 30 states. There about 245 stores effective in 35 states, which include about 140 Nordstrom Racks and approximately117 Full-Line stores. As of the year 2012, it is the 5th largest department store company in the U.S. by retail sales and the thirty-fourth largest Store in the US in 2013 in terms of revenue. Presently, Nordstrom has distribution centers in, Maryland, California, Oregon, Gainesville, Iowa, Ontario, Upper Marlboro, Dubuque, Florida and Portland (Businessweek.com.

Critique of a Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of a Memo - Essay Example It also gives recommendations based on the costs analysis and the employees’ opinions. The analysis of the overtime cost shows that the addition of 150 units daily would costs about 388.54 or 2.59 dollars per unit. On the contrary, the cost of the extra 150 units daily in the second shift would be about 421 or 2.81 dollars in every unit. The analysis clearly shows that the use of overtime will be less costly compared to the second shift production by about 0.22 dollars and 32.32 dollars per unit. However, the corporation should execute the second shift strategy since employees are not willing to work extra hours. The company should not force the workers to work overtime. The use of visuals has been used for easier comprehension of analysis of the cost. They have helped in showing the comparison of the cost of the two strategies. However, I think there is need for improvement in the use of visuals. For instance, the tables and the graphs do not show the precise costs of every unit in every strategy used. I think I should have given the average cost of one unit in another column on the tables. For instance, the title of the tables explains that the table is supposed to give the cost per unit. However, this is not what has been presented in the table. It only shows the cost of between 75 units to 600 units. I think I also presented my arguments clearly with the support of the analysis. For instance, I was able to prove that the use of overtime will be less expensive compared to production shift. In addition, I supported my argument as to why the organization should not implement the overtime strategy based on workers’ negative attitudes towards it. However, I think I should have supported this argument by explaining the exact reasons for the worker’s rejection of the overtime strategy. I also think that the precise explanations will improve the memo. For instance, in the recommendation section I should have explained why the cost of

Research Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Study - Assignment Example It was found that segmentation depends on a number of factors ranging from age, sexual orientation, education to even age. The benefits also spread far and wide from helping in identification of the most and least profitable customers, enabling grouping of consumers by factors like type and size of organization, category and lifestyle of consumers, geographical location, attitudes and behavior, enhancing customer service, helping a business build loyal relationships and so forth. Successful segmentation research, it was found, minimizes the number of segments only giving rise to a small number of big segments. Good research will enable classification of these groups through economic data and other essential information on how these segments change and develop over time. Both Bloomindale and Nordstrom offer high quality products and services though Nordstrom also serves customers of more modest means. Nordstrom Inc. is an upmarket American fashion department store, founded by Carl F. Wallin and John W. Nordstrom currently having its headquarters in Washington’s Seattle. Shoe retail was the company’s beginning and has since grown their catalog to incorporate cosmetics, clothing fragrances, accessories, jewelry and handbags. Some select Nordstrom stores also stock home furnishing and wedding sections. Asof March 16, 2012 it had 225 stores in the United States stores situated in 30 states. There about 245 stores effective in 35 states, which include about 140 Nordstrom Racks and approximately117 Full-Line stores. As of the year 2012, it is the 5th largest department store company in the U.S. by retail sales and the thirty-fourth largest Store in the US in 2013 in terms of revenue. Presently, Nordstrom has distribution centers in, Maryland, California, Oregon, Gainesville, Iowa, Ontario, Upper Marlboro, Dubuque, Florida and Portland (Businessweek.com.

Urinary Calculi Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urinary Calculi - Case Study Example An imbalance in an individual’s metabolism is another causative factor of Urinary calculi. The imbalance leads to abnormally high levels of mineral salts agglomerating in the urine. Stones with uric acid composition occur in people having diseases such as gout, chronic dehydration and some cancers (Hesse, 2009). The third causative factor is hyperparathyroidism, a disorder affecting parathyroid glands making it overactive thus resulting to the production of excess parathyroid hormone. Other causative factors are type specific. Calcium stones result when there is too much calcium in the urine (Rao, Preminger & Kavanagh, 2009). Uric acid stones occur whenever there is a high amount of acid in the urine. Diet is also usable in analyzing the composition of a patient’s calculi. Patients taking little amount of water have a high tendency of experiencing dehydration. Dehydration is a causative factor leading urinary calculi. The state leads to dominance of the mineral salts resulting to the condition. An individual’s diet determines the contents of his or her calculi. An excess of calcium in the diet results in calcium

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Improving Our Public Schools Essay Being educated is a right, not a privilege. Whether it be in a public or private learning institution, to be educated is still what matters most. In choosing the right school for students is one of the critical decisions to arrive at a settlement. Children growing while learning are the next runners of the economy, the government, the entertainment. With their innate, infinite potentials, the quality towards learning experience is something that cannot be deprived of. Shaping them is shaping the future. But, before anything else, how can these students achieve the satisfaction of real-learning? In reality, global economy is not stable. Thus, not everyone is capable of affording their children on sending to good schools or the students themselves who work to sustain their studies can steadily stand with it. Reason why public schools are established. Student education is vital. It edifies information obtainment, organization and presentation to its receivers. If public schools are not well-maintained, its quality is degraded. A degraded quality means failure to imply proper education among its learners. Improving public schools enables its constituents to advance in education symmetry to those of in private schools. From the Comprehensive School Improvement Program (CSIP) which is a decade-long initiative to improve public schools under the Ford Foundation, it created independent observers who evaluate education initiatives. With this, suggestions from other individuals arose which are focused on improving public schools. The project started to gain donors who support the improvements. Not all public schools are lucky enough to have CSIP behind. That is why solutions are mandatory upon planning to develop a public school. Hiring qualified teachers, improving buildings to a modernized ambiance, ample funding, comprehensive program of study and efficient leadership are components of a successful improved school (Petrovich 8). Teachers are the primary persons responsible for the students. Although in some cases, teachers are hired even without passing the qualifications or, they may have passed but the quality they pass onto students does not suffice the standards of a proper education. Facility renovations are costly, which become hindrance in providing both teachers and students comfort. This is linked to the funding for a school. More so, the designed curriculum must be updated and extensive teaching methods are used. Sadly, what breaks the objective of improving public schools is the negligence to essentially impose it. Normally, these public schools cater the poor ones. And sustaining such, even from the government, is not always much reliable specifically among the third world countries. Advocacies will be of help in promoting aiding the schools. With the conviction of participation in assisting programs for public learning facilities improvement, it would at least lessen the burden of pushing the school on providing quality education despite its lax. Being a part of a project to progress public school is not easy. It will always, in a way or another, encounter financial problems; and should the allocated budget dries up, the project halts. Still, there are strategies to support in order to fulfill goals. Building constituency and coalition to minimize future financial and human dilemmas are important. Also, establishing communications and expanding networks increase participants. Public schools are still schools. It is a building that teaches how to form a better society. Regardless of the class it serves, it deserves the right to be respected and recognized. ? Works Cited Petrovich, J. Strategies for Improving Public Education. New York: Ford Foundation, 2008.

The Breakdown of Fructose

The Breakdown of Fructose First of all I would like to describe the term enzymes. Basically enzymes are protein which is used in the chemical reaction and they act as a catalyst in these reactions. Their function is to speed up the chemical reaction without using themselves. If they are not used as a catalyst in the reactions than the reaction speed would be very slow and in this way the products of the reactions will not come. So it is now clear that enzymes are very important in certain biochemical reactions which are taking place in our body and without these enzymes our body will not be able to perform these biochemical reactions and as a result we will not be able to continue our life. Enzymes are involved in the breakdown of fructose. Basically fructose is simple sugar that is present in our food like honey and fruits. Fructose is basically a carbohydrate which provides energy to our body. it is very important to mention that fructose do not gave energy to our body directly but certain enzymes are require to breakdown this fructose into simpler sugar and then into usable form of energy. The process of the breakdown of fructose is as follows: Firstly when fructose in enters in our body then initial catabolism of fructose is takes place in our body and this process is referred to as fructolysis. The cycle of fructose breakdown begins with the enzyme called fructokinase which is found in liver. This fructokinase will produce fructose 1- phosphate so this is the end of first step. In the next step another enzyme named aldolase B will convert the fructose 1-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. These two products are used by the body in order to get energy so without these enzymes the body will not be able to carry out the breakdown of fructose and in this way our body will not be able to ingest the food containing fructose. (Seller et al., 1969) Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance. First of all I would like to explain the term fructose intolerance. Fructose intolerance is basically a condition in which the person is not able to digest the sugar fructose. After taking fructose containing diet like honey or fruits the person with fructose intolerance may experience nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting etc. Basically mutation in Adolab gene leads to the hereditary fructose intolerance. This Aldolab is responsible for the formation of Aldolase B enzyme. As I already mention that this enzyme is present in Liver and causes the breakdown of fructose and thus convert this fructose into simpler sugar which is then used as a source of energy in our body. A deficiency in the enzyme Aldolase B may cause the accumulation of the fructose 1-phosphate in the liver cell, small intestine and kidney and thus make our body unable to convert the fructose into simpler sugars and as a result the sugar level of the body will fall and cause the formation of the toxic substance that damage our liver. This damage to the liver cell leads to the liver dysfunctions, hypoglycemia and hereditary fructose intolerance. (Gitzelmann et al., 1989) Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose. Aldolase B plays an important role in the carbohydrate metabolism like it catalyzes one of the major steps of the glycolytic-gluconeogenic pathway. Along with its importance in the glucose breakdown it is also very important in fructose metabolism and it is very important to mention that fructose metabolism is occurring mostly in the liver, renal cortex and small intestine. The action of mechanism of this enzyme is that when fructose is absorbed by our body it is than phosphorylated into fructose 1-phospahte by the action of fructokinase. Then in the next step Aldolase B catalyzes the fructose 1-phosphate and converts it into glyceraldehyde and DHAP. After this step another enzyme triose kinase convert this glyceraldehyde into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is then used in glycolytic-gluconeogenic pathway and that can be modified to become either glucose or pyruvate. (Peanasky et al., 1958) Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B. Aldolase B is equally active toward the substrate F-l-P (Fructose-1-Phosphate). Fructose-1-phosphate is a derivative of fructose. It is generated by fructokinase which is present in liver. It is converted by aldolase B into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The action of the adolase B on the substrate can be explained with the help of following figure: A description CASE 2- MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE Explain what would happen to the cells energy reserves if the interconversions of the Cori cycle occurred and remained within a single cell. If interconversion of the coricycle occurred within the single cell then it would cause the futile cycle. Basically in the futile cycle glucose is used by the cell and re synthesized at the cost of ATP and GTP hydrolysis. And loss of ATP during this futile cycle would be 4 and thats why the futile cycle is regarded as an uneconomical cycle. (Nelson et al., 2005). Construct a dynamic model to show the doctor why the citric acid cycle is central to aerobic metabolism. The citric acid cycle can be regarded as an important metabolic center of the cell. It basically act as portal to the aerobic metabolism that has the ability to form acetyl group or dicarboxylic acid. The citric acid cycle is not only act as fuel for the cell but it is also a building block of many other molecules like amino acid, cholesterol, and porphyrin (the organic component of heme). There are infact different reactions like oxidation and reduction reactions which are takes place during Krebs cycle, and these reactions will result in the oxidation of an acetyl group to two molecules of carbon dioxide. The Kreb cycle was named after the person who introduce this cycle for the first time. Different biochemical changes are noticed during Krebs cycle which will enable the cell to store the energy for future use. The other name for this Kreb cycle is tricarboxylic or citric acid, cycle. ( (Lowenstein JM 1969). Explain the role of co-enzyme Q10 in ATP synthesis. First of all I would like to give a brief introduction of Co-enzyme Q10. Co-enzyme Q10 is basically a vitamin like substance which is present in every cell and its purpose is to generate energy. And due to this property it is also called as Ubiquitous. It is necessary in energy production in the 70-100 trillion body cells. Basically the co-enzyme Q10 is required in order to convert the energy from carbohydrate and fats into Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and this process of production of ATP is carryout in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The process is like first of all the electrons which are produced during the fatty acid and glucose metabolism, Co-enzyme Q10 accept these electrons and then converted them into electron acceptors. At the same time Co-enzyme Q10 transfer the proton outside the mitochondrial membrane and in this way cause the formation of a proton gradient across that membrane. The energy released when the protons flow back into the mitochondrial interior and in this way it is used to form ATP. (Tomono et al., 1986) Explain where in the citric acid cycle a hypothetical defect could occur that prevents an increased conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in response to an increased energy need and how the products of the citric acid cycle are converted into ATP. Basically during the Krebs cycle, a small amount of energy is released in order to cause the formation of molecule of ATP. It is very important to mention that in fact four-carbon molecule(oxaloacetic acid) is again created after the formation of CO2 mainly through oxidation reactions that occur in the Electron Transport Chain therefore any defect in ETC will prevent the conversion of ADP to ATP. Basically a gradient is formed in the ETC which is used to produce the ATP and this ATP is generated when H+ ion move down to its concentration gradient by a special enzyme called ATP synthase so it is now clear to us that if there is any defect in Electron transport chain then this will prevent the conversion of ADP to ATP. The products of Citric acid cycle are converted into ATP with the help of Oxidative- phosphorylation which is taking place in mitochondria. The NADH and succinate which is the product of Krebs cycle are oxidized and this will release the energy. This energy will power the ATP synthase and this enzyme will facilitate the production of ATP. (Mitchell and Moyle 1967).

The Ethics of Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Ethical Questions of Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible car accident.  Ã‚   The wife walked away with a few cuts and bruises.   The husband, however was unconscious when the paramedics arrived.   He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby hospital. He came out of the coma but was never to be the same again.   It turns out that when he was in the accident he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest of his life.   He could not take part in the reproduction of children.   The wife is now distraught because they will never have children together.   She heard about the possibility of cloning and believes that it is the only way that she will ever have children.   Is it so?    Introduction The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years.   The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone.   This is an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not.   Cloning will first be defined.   Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have arisen will be presented.   Some things cannot be known for sure unless it is tested, i.e., human cloning is allowed. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that support cloning will be presented and then the same against cloning.   Please remember that not all of this has proven true nor is able to be proven yet, but has simply been argued as a scientific hypothesis.   Finally, my own personal opinion will be stated.       Defining Human Cloning When speaking of human cloning, what is meant?   Different groups and organizations define it differently.   To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association (AMA) defined cloning as "the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer.   'Somatic cell nuclear transfer' refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1).   In other words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent. The Ethics of Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics The Ethical Questions of Cloning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible car accident.  Ã‚   The wife walked away with a few cuts and bruises.   The husband, however was unconscious when the paramedics arrived.   He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby hospital. He came out of the coma but was never to be the same again.   It turns out that when he was in the accident he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest of his life.   He could not take part in the reproduction of children.   The wife is now distraught because they will never have children together.   She heard about the possibility of cloning and believes that it is the only way that she will ever have children.   Is it so?    Introduction The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years.   The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone.   This is an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not.   Cloning will first be defined.   Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have arisen will be presented.   Some things cannot be known for sure unless it is tested, i.e., human cloning is allowed. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that support cloning will be presented and then the same against cloning.   Please remember that not all of this has proven true nor is able to be proven yet, but has simply been argued as a scientific hypothesis.   Finally, my own personal opinion will be stated.       Defining Human Cloning When speaking of human cloning, what is meant?   Different groups and organizations define it differently.   To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association (AMA) defined cloning as "the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer.   'Somatic cell nuclear transfer' refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed" (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1).   In other words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent.

Jail and Prison Essay

Many people in the United States do not know that there are differences between jail and prison and what they are. Local jurisdictions, such as counties and cities, use jails to detain offenders for short periods of time. A prison, or penitentiary, is controlled by the state, and is used to detain convicted criminals for longer duration (Schmallenger, 2011). A jail is designed for short term offenders, and has more amenities than a prison. Jails house individuals who have been convicted to serve a short sentence, usually one year or less, detain individuals awaiting trial, waiting to pay bail or denied bail, and detainees held on suspicion of committing a crime. Most jails are designed to hold a very small number of criminals, and have low security when compared to prisons. As an example, the Durango Jail in Phoenix, Arizona, houses approximately 2,214 inmates. They provide a general-purpose day room area with seating areas, and a bathroom area with sinks, toilets, and showers, and have two large outside areas for recreation. The jail also includes a medical clinic, chapel and education classrooms where inmates can attend scheduled religious and educational programs throughout the day (â€Å"Mcso†, 2013). Jails play an important role in the criminal justice system, and without them, there would not be a place to hold these short term inmates and offenders. A prison is much larger than a jail, and capable of handling far more prisoners. The prisoners are typically categorized and separated on the basis of the types of crimes that they have been convicted of as a safety precaution, and there are three types of prisons: minimum security, medium security, and maximum security. Minimum security inmates often have private rooms and have the ability to walk around more freely, as well as commissary visits to purchase candy and tobacco. Medium security prisons are more dorm-like and have walled recreation areas. Maximum security prisons have more barriers, towers, armed guards, and inmates have far less free time and open areas. According to â€Å"Arizona Department of Corrections† (2013), the Tucson Prison Complex in Tucson, Arizona, currently has a total population of approximately 3,700 inmates and a capacity to hold up to 5,170 inmates. Amenities include exercise areas, common areas for eating and socializing in lower security areas, church facilities, and an educational facility (Schmallenger, 2011). Because of the long duration of most prison sentences, a complex social, and political structure arises among the prisoners. Prisoners form cliques and strive to create their dominance inside the fences and walls. Prison culture and subculture affect the daily lives of inmates from the moment they step foot in to a prison. Inmates are defined by their position, or hierarchy, and are fueled by having power over others and their reputation is at stake. Bartering items such as tobacco, food, drugs and makeshift weapons is a way of gaining power, as well as using sexual force and dominance (Schmallenger, 2011). Groups are formed, gangs are created and multiplied, and are often based on race, ethnicity, religion and who you were involved with outside of the prison gates. Due to these subcultures, violent crimes occur, the STD rate increases and the prison medical costs increase. Placing offenders on probation or parole may effect the statistics, but not by much, as occurrences and violence are always ongoing. Probation, an alternative form of sentencing, allows convicted offenders to avoid jail time. They are released back into the community, but must follow a strict set of rules. Rules can include curfew, maintaining a job, and checking in with a probation officer regularly. Probation is a beneficial tool for the community, as it allows offenders to become positive role models in society by participating in community service as well as saving tax payer dollars on potentially unnecessary prison costs. Parole is governed by the executive branch and is the conditional release of a convict who has served part of his term in prison (University of Phoenix, 2011). The primary purpose is to return offenders gradually to productive lives and are usually granted by a parole board to a prisoner with a good record and good conduct while in prison. Sentencing offenders to probation or releasing individuals on parole can free up thousands of dollars annually, as it can cost anywhere from $12,000 to $60,000 per year to house an inmate (CNN Money, 2013). There are also a few other alternatives to probation and parole that are also beneficial, such as drug treatment facilities, house  arrest and electronic monitoring, halfway houses, boot camp prisons, and work-release programs. Jails and prisons, as a part of the criminal justice system, play an important role in society. By deterring crime, securing criminals, and attempting to rehabilitate those who have broken the law, they not only educate society, but make an example of those who successfully have completed sentencing and rehabilitation and have made themselves flourishing products of society. References MCSO. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/Durango.aspx Schmallenger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today. An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (11th ed.). : Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. (2011). CJi Interactive. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CJA204 website. Arizona Department of Corrections. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.azcorrections.gov/prisons/Prisca_Prisons_Tucson.aspx CNN Money. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.money.cnn.com/infographic/economy/education-vsprisoncosts/

Lucretia Mott on Women’s Rights

Lucretia Mott’s Discourse on Women Speech Bibliographical Entry: â€Å"Lucretia Mott Speech. † Lucretia Mott Speech. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. Synopsis of Argument: The general argument made by Lucretia Mott in her speech Discourse on Women, on December 17, 1849, is that women are hidden from certain parts of society. More specifically, she argues that women let their guards down when approached with a decisive man. She writes, â€Å"she needs all the encouragement she can receive. † In this passage, Mott suggests that women need the encouragement to stand up for themselves against men.In conclusion, Mott’s belief is that women should fully be a part of society and should not be afraid of the men to do so. Claims supporting his purpose: * In her speech declaring women in society, Lucretia Mott argues that women need to stand against men. Mott asserts women that men are not the only rulers, women can be too. The women need to â€Å"take a stand,â₠¬  and fight to stay on society and get the freedom they want. Mott used the power of God to motivate the women and get the attention of men, Lucretia Mott Background- Research Bibliographical Entry: â€Å"Lucretia Mott. † History. com.A&E Television Networks, 1996. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. How relevant to the speech: Mott was raised in a Quaker community that provided strong role models for her. Mott advocated antislavery and boycotted all products of slave labor. She helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 and served as its president. This sort of activity in reform groups was immediate departure for women of her era. When denied a seat in 1840 at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London on account of her sex, Mott preached her feelings of female equality outside the conference hall.During her London visit, she befriended Elizabeth Cady Stanton. During the summer of 1848 she and Stanton organized the meeting at Seneca Falls, New York, where the Ameri can women's rights movement was launched. Mott was elected president of the group in 1852. Mott's feminist philosophy was outlined in her Discourse on Women (1850). She believed women's roles within society reflected limited education rather than innate inferiority. She advocated equal economic opportunity and supported women's equal political status, including suffrage.

Lecturer’s Personality

NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL-ELECTRONIC VOLUME 16 NUMBER 3E, 2005-2006 EFFECTIVE TEACHER STUDY Max Malikow Assistant Professor Le Moyne College ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to quantify student evaluated teacher effectiveness in order to ascertain the grade level, subject, and characteristics of exceptionally effective teachers as reported by 361 Le Moyne College students. In this study the students were provide with the following definition of exceptionally effective: showing the ability to go beyond the ordinary in producing desired results. The students were instructed that they could select one of their teachers from any grade level or subject. The distribution of selected teachers is as follows: 315 secondar5y teachers, 34 primary teachers, 11 college professors, and 1 parish priest. Subject areas of frequently selected secondary teachers are: social studies (89), English (89), mathematics (55), foreign language (33), and science (27). Personality characteristics most often cited by the students were: challenging/had reasonably high expectations (82), sense of humor (59), enthusiastic (56), creative (39), caring (39), explains complicated material well (39), and flexible instructional style (33). 1 NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL-ELECTRONIC 2___________________________________________________________ _______________________________ Who are exceptionally effective teachers and what are their characteristics? This is a study conducted at Le Moyne College from 1998-2004. I. Introduction A. Statement of the Research Question The purpose of this study is to quantify student evaluated teacher effectiveness in order to ascertain the grade level, subject, and characteristics of exceptionally effective teachers as reported by 361 Le Moyne College students. In this study the students were provided with the following definition of exceptionally effective: showing the ability to go beyond the ordinary in producing desired results. Teacher preparation programs, as part of their accreditation process, are increasingly attentive to any information to assist in making adjustments and modifications to improve the outcome. Formal evaluations of graduates and students are useful. I have attempted to undertake a continual form of information gathering from classes I teach that ultimately may be useful for this purpose. B. Rationale for the Research The value of this study is that the accomplishment of the research question would make a contribution to the Le Moyne College teacher education program. The goal of this department is to prepare effective teachers for tomorrow’s schools† (Le Moyne College Catalog 2004-2005, p. 91). The result of having identified the grade levels, subjects, and common characteristics of over 350 teachers assessed by their students as exceptionally effective serves to better inform the Education Department faculty of the qualities that make teachers memorable as instructors who are effective in their work. Therefore the department members will be better equipped to evaluate their own program in the light of this information. MAX MALIKOW ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________3 II. Methodology A. EDU 215 Writing Assignment EDU 215: Learning in a Sociocultural Context is a required course for Le Moyne College education majors who are preparing to teach at the secondary level (grades 7-12). â€Å"It involves students in examining, analyzing, and developing theories of how students learn within a social, cultural, and political context †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Le Moyne College Catalog 2004-2005, p. 97). One requirement of the EDU 215 classes I teach is a reflective paper. I encourage the students not to begin this writing assignment early in the course. I explain that they would find the paper easier to write if they first experience at least half of the fifteen weeks of the material. The learning outcome associated with this assignment is for students to organize and articulate their thoughts and experiences concerning the characteristics and behaviors of exceptionally effective teachers. The students are required to select one of their own teachers from any grade or subject who could be described as an exceptionally effective teacher. An in-class presentation to the students elucidates an exceptionally effective teacher as one who demonstrates extraordinary ability in the following areas of teaching: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Communication of material Motivation of students Provision of an environment conducive to learning Maintenance of student interest Classroom management (discipline) Appropriate relationships with students The following is the assignment’s specifications as they appeared in the EDU 215 syllabus. An Exceptionally Effective Teacher The instructions provided to the students is fairly standard, with the paper no less than four and no more than six pages in length, typed, double-spaced, and compositionally flawless. It must include all of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. The teacher’s name and subject/grade level A synecdoche His/her methodologies (repertoire of instructional strategies) His/her means of testing and evaluation NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL-ELECTRONIC 4___________________________________________________________ _______________________________ 5. 6. . 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. His/her teaching environment (physical and psychological-emotional) His/her administration of discipline His/her personality (including a sense-of-humor) Scholarship (i. e. evaluate the selected teacher as a scholar) His/her use of relevancy in instruction His/her preparedness for class (i. e. organization) His/her ability to motivate students An interview with this teacher or someone who is familiar with this teacher (optional) I explain to the students that a synecdoche (specification number 2) is a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole. The example I use is the phrase to break bread in which bread is used but an entire meal is understood. In the context of this assignment, the students are required to describe one incident featuring the selected teacher that would communicate a substantial understanding of the teacher’s style and philosophy of teaching. A colloquial way of expressing the rationale for the synecdoche is: it is one story that communicates what this teacher is all about. B. Description of the Sample The number of the students in the sample is 361 (n = 361). Since the sample consists of students from classes taught by me this is a convenience sample. Specifically, the students are from sixteen EDU 215 sections ranging from the fall semester of 1998 to the spring semester of 2004. As previously stated, EDU 215 students are preparing for careers in secondary teaching. With few exceptions, the students are sophomores. Also, as previously stated, the writing assignment is a course requirement. Consequently, all students who complete EDU 215 for credit accomplish the assigned paper. In the sample, all of the students addressed the assignment’s specifications sufficiently to have earned a grade of C or better. C. Procedure for Analysis of Archival Data From the fall semester of 1998 to the spring semester of 2004 a total of 361 essays were written by the students in the EDU 215 classes taught by me. This archival was organized by first categorizing teachers by grade level (if K-6) or subject (if 7-12). College teachers were grouped in one category. This distinction is made to accommodate for selected secondary and college MAX MALIKOW ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________5 teachers who students had more than once. For example, some science teachers taught the students in both biology and chemistry. The categorization of the teachers in this manner resulted in a total of 21 subcategories of teachers: seven primary grade subcategories, ten secondary subject categories, three subcategories of college professors, and one parish priest. This data answers the following research question: Of the 361 selected teachers, what is their distribution according to grade level or subject? In-class discussions with the students on the day the assignment is turned in includes the following question: From the assignment’s specifications or your own thoughts, what are the two characteristics that most contributed to your selected teacher’s effectiveness? All students are asked the question with their responses recorded by me. Nine characteristics were possibilities from the assignment. Due to 16 student absences on the days of these discussions, 690 responses were recorded rather than the 722 responses that would have resulted from perfect attendance. The record of the student responses provides the answer to the following research question: What are the characteristics of exceptionally effective teachers most frequently cited by the students in this study? III. Presentation of the Findings A. Textual Presentation The teacher category most frequently selected is an equal number of students (89) who selected either a social studies or English teacher. These two categories combined for 49. 3 percent of the exceptionally effective teachers in this study. Other secondary teachers selected are in the disciplines of mathematics (15. percent), foreign language (9. 1 percent), science (7. 5 percent), physical education (2. 4 percent), health (1. 7 percent), technology (1. 1 percent), art (. 5 percent), and music (. 3 percent). In total, elementary teachers represent 9. 4 percent of the selections. The two grade levels with the highest representation are third and fifth (8). The 11 college professors chosen constitute 3 percent of the sele ctions. The college professors are in the disciplines of English (7), history (3), and mathematics (1). One student selected a parish priest who taught a confirmation class. For a tabular presentation of the distribution of the selected teachers see Table 3. 1. The total number of characteristics cited by the sample was 36. The exceptionally effective teacher trait most frequently expressed by the students was challenging with reasonable expectations (11. 9 percent). The percentage of response was computed by dividing the number of citations for this trait (82) by the total citations in the study (690). Sense of humor is the NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL-ELECTRONIC 6___________________________________________________________ _______________________________ second most frequently cited characteristic (8. 5 percent). Three characteristics are tied for third place in the frequency standings: explains complicated material well, caring, and creative (each 5. 6 percent). Other frequently cited traits are: flexible instructional style (4. 8 percent), approachable, available, interested in students, and organized (each 4. 2 percent). For a tabular presentation of the selected characteristics data see Table 3. . B. Tabular Presentation Table 3. 1: Distribution of Selected Teachers Kindergarten First Grade Second Grade Third Grade Fourth Grade Fifth Grade Sixth Grade Grades 7-12 Social Studies English Mathematics Foreign Language Science Physical Education Health Technology Art Music College English History Mathematics Other Priest 5 1 1 8 4 8 7 89 89 55 33 27 9 6 4 2 1 6 3 2 1 MAX MALIKOW __________ __________________________________________________ ______________________________7 Table 3. 2: Cited Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Challenging/Had Reasonably High Expectations Sense of Humor Enthusiastic Creative Caring Explains Complicated Material Well Flexible Instructional Style Approachable Available Interested in Students Organized Flexible to Classroom Situations Dedicated Inspiring Practical Made Material Relevant Optimistic About Students Energetic Engaging Exciting Learned/Brilliant/Scholarly Warm Humble Good Listener Patient Authentic/Real/Appropriately Autobiographical Confident Empathic Encouraging Fair Professional Honest Insightful Moral Nonjudgmental Optimistic About Life Protective 82 59 56 39 39 39 33 29 29 29 29 23 21 21 17 13 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL-ELECTRONIC 8___________________________________________________________ _______________________________ IV. Analysis of the Findings A. Limitations of the Study and Implications for Future Research As previously stated, the sample is drawn from a course that consisted entirely of students preparing for a career in secondary teaching. If the sample had been drawn from a comparable course for prospective elementary school teachers the distribution of exceptionally effective teachers might have been different. It would be interesting to see if a sample of students preparing for teaching at the primary level would select more primary teachers as exceptionally effective. The study did not include a reckoning of the intended teaching area of the students and their selected teacher. For example, there may have been a high representation of prospective social studies and English teachers in the sample. It would require an interview with the students to determine if their intended subject influenced their teacher selection. An examination of the cited characteristics demonstrates redundancies. For example, caring is a characteristic cited 39 times and interested in students 29 times. Arguably these two traits constitute a verbal distinction without a meaningful difference. My decision to record the words and phrases actually used by the students’ accounts for perceived redundancies. As with any study that employs a convenience sample, this study’s results cannot be taken as representative of nonparticipating individuals. However, this limitation does not render this study inconsequential. The sample size is substantial and a methodology for future studies has been formulated and tested. Six students in this study stated that their selected teachers are responsible for their decision to pursue a teaching career. These statements were not solicited either as a requirement of the writing assignment or in the class discussions. This implies that there may be more than six students who were so influenced. It would be interesting to know how many students opted for a career in teaching because of a teacher. A future quantitative study could generate the data to address this curiosity. As with many studies, while this study answered questions it gave rise to others: Why were so many social studies and English teachers selected? Is there something about the content of these subjects that accounts for the perceived effectiveness of those who teach social studies and English? Do social studies and English attract individuals with personalities that are conducive to the work of teaching? Is there a gender correlation between the students and selected teachers? MAX MALIKOW ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________9 B. Value and Application of the Study A well known psycho-lexical study reveals that there are 17,953 words in an unabridged English dictionary describing personality characteristics (Allport and Odbert, 1936). Individuals involved in teacher training, hiring, and mentoring are beneficiaries of studies that document the personality traits that correlate with teacher effectiveness. These individuals are engaged in significant work. An awareness of the characteristics that correlate with and contribute to effective teaching should be nurtured in training and mentoring as well as recognized in hiring. Concerning employment, an implication of this study is the use of personality assessment instruments like the M. M. P. I. (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) as part of the employment process. REFERENCES Allport, G. W. & Odbert, H. (1936):Trait-names: A Psycho-lexical Study. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 47, 171-220. (1, whole number 211).

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