Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles

In todays society not everyone has heard of the theory of ten-fold perception informations however most bulk have heard of t individuallying soulfulnessal manners. Even in the education field, educators may not be able-bodied to correctly define both. Are multiple intelligences and culture styles two several(predicate) names of the same social occasion? This paper will discuss their differences and standardisedities. match to Dunn, Denig, and Lovelace (2001) Multiple Intelligences addresses what is taught, while skill style addresses how it is taught, and in what context (p. 11).Learning style explore has evidenced that any content can be get the hang when taught through students strengths. The Oxford dictionary defines Intelligence as the ability to acquire and generate knowledge and skills. The word intelligence is derived from the Latin verb intelligere meaning to comprehend or perceive. The word intelligence was first used in the 14th century. premature belief s in intelligence stated that intelligence could be try oned with a series of questions and the higher a individual scored the more intelligent that soul was believed to be.The first intelligence test used was developed by psychologist Alfred Binet in 1904 (Wade & Tarvis, 2012). The first intelligence tests used were used for the purpose of identifying lento children in school. Binets intelligence test tested the mental season of children. In 1905 Binet and his colleague Theordore Simon developed a test that measured memory, phraseology and perceptual discrimination.Later a scoring system was developed to determine the intelligence quotient frame on mental age and chronological age. The early intelligence quotient test did have some flaws and the scoring system did not reach well for adults so todays intelligence quotient tests argon scored otherwise than the beginning of the intelligence quotient tests. Multiple intelligences is a theory developed by Howard Gardner in 1983 that shows that mathematics and language were not the only way to test intelligence.Gardners multiple intelligence theory rejected the traditional and long-held suck that aptitude consists solely of the ability to reason and understand complex ideas (Edutopia Staff, 2009). Gardner ground his theory on previous physiological studies and had no empirical research to support his theory. Even without research to support the theory, his theory still has command support. Gardners theory of multiple intelligences states that there are at least(prenominal) nine different kinds of intelligences.These are the nine different kinds of intelligences, Linguistic endowment for reading, poetry and all things literary and linguistic Logical-mathematical gift for math and wisdom Spatial/visual talent for images, drawings, construction games and tactile puzzles Kinesthetic talent for victimisation a persons whole body or parts of the body, activities that involve touch and movement Inter personal talent for work with others Intrapersonal talent for understanding oneself Naturalistic talent for the natural world, plants, animals, and rocks and Existential talent for understanding philosophically and theoretically.Learning styles are the privilegered style of study that a person believes works the best for that person to gain knowledge based on their strengths, weaknesses and preferences. Learning styles are sometimes called acquirement preferences. So, a learnedness style is a preferred way of learnedness and studying for example, using pictures instead of text work in groups as opposed to working alone or learning in a structured quite an than an unstructured manner (Pritchard, 2009, p. 41). There are three learning style Auditory prefer to learn by hearing Visual prefer to learn by seeing and Kinesthetic prefer to learn by doing.According to Dunn, Denig, and Lovelace (2001) learners are influenced by twenty one elements although not all learners are affecte d by all 21, most are affected by six to fourteen elements. These twenty one elements that affect learners are categorize into five different variables Psychological perceptual, intake, time and mobility Environmental sound, light, temperature and design worked up motivation, persistence, responsibility and structure Sociological self, pair, peers, team, adult and varied and Physiological globular/analytic, hemisphericity, and impulsive/reflective.By identifying each learners learning style teachers and learners can capitalize on the learners strengths and weaknesses. Most learners have a primary learning style however it may not be the only learning style that learner has. Some learners have a secondary learning style which can be used to reinforce initial learning. Pritchard (2009) found there is a possible drawback to helping children to identify their particular learning style if a child is given a particular learning stylelabel, it is possible that they will center their lear ning on this one get on to learning and even refuse to work in other modes. many another(prenominal) people believe that Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles are the same thing just worded differently. The main difference between multiple intelligences and learning styles is multiple intelligences addresses what is learned and learning styles address how it is learned. Multiple intelligences and learning styles are similar in that both are that both are individualized to each learner.It is important to understand the differences and similarities of multiple intelligences and learning styles so that each person can understand what works best for them and how they learn. The process by which people learn is different from person to person. This paper was used to highlight general intelligence, the types of multiple intelligences and learning styles. Multiple intelligences and learning styles vary greatly from person to person. Each person should figure out how they learn for t heir best prospect for effective and lasting learning. A one size fits all go about to learning will never work for all learners.

Brisingr- Eragon Book Report

Discuss how the author engaged the reader in your chosen fiction book of account, using setting, plot, theme and characterization. Also convey your head/s about the authors message. The book Brisingr by Christopher Paolini is an astonishing adventurous fantasy humbug that is part of the Eragon trilogy. It is an ambitious story that is loved by millions all almost the world. The book takes a lot of reference from the famous world cognize book Lord of the Rings and therefore is recommended for the fans of it. This book report bequeath place you about its setting, plot, theme and characterization.The setting in Brisingr takes place in various places because the characters Eragon and his dragon, Saphira are led to different adventures. At first, Eragon and Saphira are within of the country named Surda, helping his cousin Roran, rescue his future wife from the worthless creatures called the Razac. After they rescue her, they set out to see the enthr whizz of the contiguous dwarf king in the dwarf city of Tronjheim. Later, they watch over themselves going to their elf teacher Oromis and his dragon Glaedr in the elf city named Ellesmera. Brisingr is told in a three-person view point including, Eragon, his cousin, Roran and the leader of the Varden, Nasuada. The plot starts when Eragon goes sour with his cousin Roran to rescue his betrothed, Katrina from the Razac. They kill one of them and rescue Katrina safely. Eragon tells Roran to go on to Surda while he will be killing the different Razac. Eragon kills him and when he comes back to the Surda, Roran is marrying Katrina and asks his cousin to hold the wedding. Eragon agrees but alas, a sudden attack from the Empire came up in the middle of the wedding.Elven spell-casters care Eragon and Saphira and cause Murtagh, his agone friend who was captured by the evil Emperor Galbatorix and his dragon, bradawl to flee, winning the battle. After that battle Eragon realizes how strong Murtagh had become in the past few weeks. He thinks his teacher, Oromis and his dragon, Glaedr know how to defeat the evil Galbatorix and why Murtaghs power grows so fast. Therefore, when Nasuada sends them to witness the coronation of the next dwarf king, he pleads her to let him go to the elven city of Ellesmera, in order to ask his teachers.Nasuada considered the idea and then agreed after perhaps a tenth line of reasoning with Eragon. So later, when Eragon finds out the secret of Galbatorixs power, he has to start view how to defeat Galbatorix, which will come out in Paolinis next book. The theme in Brisingr is redemption. When the Razac captured Rorans beloved Katrina, he blames himself for that mistake. He keeps blaming himself over and over again until he lastly rescues her. Then he finds his redemption. Eragon finds his redemption after he defeated Murtagh.In the previous book Eldest he had lost easily to Murtagh and he thought it was his fracture that he wasnt learning enough until he defeat s him during Rorans wedding. Oromis, Eragons teacher and the only other Dragon Rider not ascertain Eragon, Murtagh and Galbatorix, was hidden with the elves for over a century, watching his comrades slowly fall, unable to do anything. He was really sorrowful, but he knew he had to stay awake(p) and hidden in order to teach one Rider that efficiency have to face Galbatorix in the future.Still, the doubt was growing e rattling year, and when he finally gets to fight again at the end, he is still very sick and not as strong as he ones been. Galbatorix gives him a chance to surrender, but Oromis refuses, and dies, but deep inside, he finally feels lull and peaceful because of his redemption. Eragon, the main character in the book, changes throughout the story. It seems in the beginning, he was feeling really miserable after he discovered the indefinable truth of his father.Murtagh told him that Morzan, one of the Forsworn, the one who betrayed his comrades and helped Galbatorix kil l all the Riders, was his father, and Murtagh, was his brother. He was bursting charge a huge weight on his shoulders, thinking of his horrible parents, until Oromis tell him that his real father was Brom, his past teacher who died. In his heart, Eragon always knew that was the truth, he knew that Brom was equivalent his father, but he never accepted the truth. When he finally heard the real story of his parentage, he changes to a more rarified person, a person who wants to be like his parents.Eragon grows up and becomes more be on as the book progresses, getting to be more and more like Brom, which is probably going to make him one of the best Dragon Riders in the future. The message in Brisingr is that Eragon went from being a farm boy to one of the most important people in the whole Empire. Paolini is saying that anyone mess be anything, and greatness is not dictated by circumstances of you birth. Paolini is a wonderful writer, and he is certainly very talented in musical c omposition cutting edge situations. This book proved to be very intriguing and is recommended to anyone who loves fantasy stories.

India’s Soft Drinks Industry

indias flaccid swal smaller(a)s fabrication t subject of contents toc o 1-3 u exposit a contextual summary of india and the Indian mushy tipsiness industry pageref _toc323046458 h 3 introduction pageref _toc323046459 h 3 1. m all over conditions pageref _toc323046460 h 4 1. 1 opportunities pageref _toc323046461 h 4 1. 1. 1 indias physical resources pageref _toc323046462 h 4 1. 2 scourges pageref _toc323046463 h 6 1. 2. 1 infra anatomical structure pageref _toc323046464 h 6 1. 2. 2 education and labour pageref _toc323046465 h 6 2. demand conditions pageref _toc323046466 h 7 3. related and supporting industries pageref _toc323046467 h 9 3. availability of related and supporting industries pageref _toc323046468 h 9 3. 2 bargain indicator of suppliers pageref _toc323046469 h 9 3. 3 bargaining power of buyers pageref _toc323046470 h 9 4. firm strategy, structure and rivalry pageref _toc323046471 h 10 4. 1 cultural impact on firm strategy and structure pageref _toc323046472 h 10 4. 2 rivalry among existing competitors pageref _toc323046473 h 10 4. 3 threat of virgin entrants pageref _toc323046474 h 11 4. 4 threat of substitutes pageref _toc323046475 h 12 5. governance pageref _toc323046476 h 12 6. agency of casualty pageref _toc323046477 h 12conclusion pageref _toc323046478 h 13 part b critical paygrade of porters national diamond puzzle pageref _toc323046479 h 13 references pageref _toc323046480 h 15 part a contextual analysis of india and the indian subdued drink industry introduction a. g. barr has been in the comfort satisfactory drinks transmission line for over 130 years and is one of the biggest diff make use ofd drinks community in united kingdom (uk) (a. g. barr, 2012). the company has a long standing victory in the european securities industryplace with its popular brushed drinks such(prenominal) as irn-bru, barr and tizer. with a strong- bring in in the europen trade, now a.G. Barr would wish thoroughly to expand their busine ss to former(a) securities industrys. Following The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) and PepsiCo success in the Asian securities industry, the company would like to venture into the promiscuous drinks industry in India. The definition of a soft drink market is the retail sale of nursing bottled wet, juices, carbonates, functional drinks, ready to drink (RTD) tea and coffee, and smoothies (Datamonitor, 2011). According to Datamonitor (2011), the India soft drinks market is valued at $3. 8 million as of 2010 even though it accounts exactly 3. 3% of the b inuncters suit value in the Asia-Pacific market.Japan and China hold the tip dickens positions with a combined market sh be of 71. 2% (Datamonitor, 2011). Hence, before practiceting up an operation in India, the company need to know further expatiate of the local soft drinks industry such as the market sh ar, the customer profile, the suppliers and the competitors. As such, the briny purpose of this report is to analysis the feas ibility of the India magnification and gives proper recommendations. The Porters baseball field analysis, the SWOT analysis and Porters 5 Forces analysis acquire out be used to evaluate and comprehend the India soft drinks market. . FACTOR CONDITIONS Firstly, we will evaluate the factor conditions of India which whitethorn serve as an opportunity or a threat towards our venture into the soft drinks industry. 1. 1 OPPORTUNITIES 1. 1. 1 INDIAS PHYSICAL RESOURCES India is a country rich of naked as a jaybird materials, resources and land. For this report, we will focus on those physical resources that ar essential for the soft drinks industry water supply, sugar, aluminum, power sources. With a land space of over 2. 9 million squ atomic turning 18 kilometres (sq km) and a population of 1. 2 billion people, India has only 314,070 sq km of water (CIA World Fact book, 2012). Even though the Indian government has done galore(postnominal) things do reformd the situation by buildi ng water plants and water piping in the urban and country atomic number 18as, there atomic number 18 still about 18. 5% of the population (226 million) that overleap access to cull, drinkable water (CESS INDIA, 2004) With a sophisticated water purgation installed in our soft drinks plantation, A. G. Barr ar able to process the unclean water into safe, drinkable water and use it for the basis of the final products. Hence, A. G.Barr will be able to offer an alternative drinking source for the citizens with our soft drinks products. Next, with a essence arable territory of about 1. 2 million sq km, cultivation is the biggest industry and plays a major role in the socioeconomic development of India (Maps of India, 2012). According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012) and the Maps of India (2012), India is the 2nd biggest man producers of sugar do work over (sugar) with about 453 sugar mill located all over India. INCLUDEPICTURE http//faostat . fao. org/DesktopModules/Faostat/Images/T20/ChartPic_3nemzw945otecriq01oo. ng? 3f2841b2-add0-4841-9dc7-5707a2a011f0 * MERGEFORMATINET control board 1 Top Production Sugar cane 2010 Source FAO Thirdly, for aluminium, India is the fifth biggest producer in the world after Australia, Guinea, brazil-nut tree and Jamaica (Maps of India, 2012). Finally, to compass vast economic growth and a flourishing industrial heavens, the Indian government has invested and given top precedence to the power sector of the nation and as of the 21st century, India is able to generate about 90% of its own energy through (Maps of India, 2012)Thermal/Coal magnate Hydro Power Re upstartable Resources Power Nuclear Power With close of the raw materials and resources quickly available in India, the price for these materials will be relatively criterion and low. Hence, this will lower the live of production. This is a key factor in venturing into the India market as A. G. Barr require a considerable add of clean water and sugar to produce the soft drink products. 1. 2 THREATS 1. 2. 1 INFRASTRUCTURE The al-Qaeda in India is one of the virtually problematic and treacherous in the world.As stated previously, even though India is able to generate 90% of its power, due to the poor financial position of many power ply companies, the power supplies are always spotty and frequently being cut-off (India take chances overview, 2011). Hence, companies, offices and industrial plants need to have their own back-up power facilities to interpret no interruption to the production processes (India Risk overview, 2011). The road and railway system in India is still un ripe and many traffic congestions are go forthed due to the inadequacy.Pan (Asiamoney, 2010) notes that period the Indian government are investing US$1 billion in infrastructure from 2012 to 2017, political bureaucracy and lack of good projects are hindering the developments of infrastructure. At the uniform time, Roy ( Euromoney, 2010) reports that while Mr. Rajiv Lall, chief executive of state-run lender Infrastructure Development Finance Company believes India infrastructure has been slowly improving, the dependable kindred between the public sector and the private sectors in infrastructure will lead to rot and thus may hinder the progression of big infrastructure projects.Therefore, any company that wish to venture into India soft drinks market will need to spend a sizeable amount on power generator and water purification facilities. This huge economic consumption will put a dent on the initial jacket investment and A. G. Barr need to take this into account and plan on how a great deal of the expenditure to be transferred over to the final consumers through the products. 1. 2. 2 educational activity AND LABOUR According to several organizations CIA (2012), US Department of State (2011) and WEF (2011), Indias literacy rate is only at 61%.The education level in India is low as many of the population live in indigence or the slump and unable to afford going school. Moreover, the Indian government lacks of provision of education is hindering its people to learn and receive knowledge. This result in a low skilled workforce and the unemployment rate for spring chicken age 15 to 24 in India is noble at 10. 5% (CIA World Fact Book, 2012). While a soft drink company with high technology facilities and processes requires employees with minimal skills, it is still essential for these workers have a basic understanding and motor skills to operate the high-tech, expensive machineries.Another end of the spectrum is those tiptop educated Indians where the information technology (IT) sector is booming. These IT personnel and engineers are operable to our company as they able to manage, supervise and suitable of the higher rank jobs. Hence, to ensure the workers hired have the essential skills, A. G. Barr will need to frequently conduct training programs, skills development workshops and have simple instructions which are easy to follow. 2. DEMAND CONDITIONS With the relaxation of the Indian government policy on FDIs and foreign companies, the soft drinks industry had change tremendously.As the US and EU markets are highly saturated, companies are looking into the Asian markets to expand and gain much revenues. Apart from China, Japan and South Korea, India is the 4th booster cable Asian soft drinks market and the market is still festering and has yet to reach its colour point. In 2010, there is a substantial demand for soft drinks as the market has grown by 10. 4% (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) even predicts that by 2015, the Indian market will grow to a value of $5. 8 million. Table 2 shows the growth of India soft drink market from 2006 to 2010.Table 2 India soft drinks market volume million liters, 200610(e) Datamonitor (2011) also reports that as of 2010, the soft drinks industry has generated total revenues of $3. 8 billion and with 50% of the total revenues, carbonates sale is the most profitable category. Table 3 India soft drinks market segmentation % constituent, by value, 2010(e) It is essential to note that currently there is a growing elan of vitamin water or intellectual nourishment water in the world as many people are becoming more health conscious.The time (London) (2012) reports that even India is not spared from the trend as PepsiCo, to carryher with Tata Global Beverages, entail to market the nutrient water to Indias urban, middle-class consumers where a bottle of such product will cost slightly higher than a standard bottled water. Hence, this could greatly affect the retail sales of carbonates. A. G. Barr has already adapted its products to regular variants to low calorie and no added sugar variants in consent to the gradual shift towards healthly living in the UK (A.G. Barr, 2012). For example, its popular porduct, IRN-BRU now comes in a sugar free variation, the IRN-BRU sugar free. Thus, the nutrient water market is another sector A. G. Barr could develop into not only in UK but also in India. 3. RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES 3. 1 handiness OF RELATED AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES India has huge supporting industries for the soft drinks market and the availablity of the primary(prenominal) components for a soft drinks company in India is high.There are 453 sugar mills in India and the top 6 growing states are located in the Northern, Southern and horse opera regions of India (Maps of India, 2012). Noteably, the Indian government has been extentsively investing in the cultivation sector to ensure that the process of the sector from raw materials to wareho apply and marketing flow smoothly. And as for the aluminium industry, India has a sizeable number of aluminium plants located mainly in Northern and Southern regions. 3. 2 bargain POWER OF SUPPLIERSAs inputs are readily available, suppliers are unable to provide their serve or sell their products at a highe r price than their competitors as it is of no loss to the soft drinks company since the company is able to get the selfsame(prenominal) or better services and products from other suppliers. A. G. Barr is able to obtain the primary inputs for its products through several sources in the region or state. Thus, the bargaining power of suppliers such as the packaging producers and raw materials and soft drinks ingredients producers are relatively low (Datamonitor, 2011). 3. 3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERSThe power of the retailers and distributors in this market is weak as most soft drinks manufactures work most with the local bottling companies to distribute the ready for sale products to buyers within a genuine region or sector (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) also reports that with 46. 3% of the total market volume, the independent retailers such as the small family mart shops are the main distribution channels for soft drinks but this could change with the introduction of supe r and hypermarkets. Thus, consumers will have a wider range of soft drinks brands to choose from.In nightclub to gain relatively significant market share, A. G. Barr needs to do push-down store of advertising and promotion. One of the strategies A. G. Barr could adopt is to set their soft drinks at a lower price than the main competitors, TCCC and PepsiCo in the rural areas while swearing the same price in the urban areas where most of the middle-income and high-income classes have high consumer purchasing power. 4. FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY 4. 1 CULTURAL IMPACT ON FIRM STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE A. G. Barr core strategic focus is ground on the following 7 platforms (A. G.Barr, 2012) Core Brands and Markets Portfolio development Route to market Partnerships Efficient Operations People Development Sustainability To ensure these strategies and structure is maintain in other country, A. G. Barr has to train its overseas employees, make them understand and do work the A. G. Barr working culture. However, this will be a tough challenge in India due to the poor education and different socio-culture. Thus, A. G. Barr needs to accommodate its Western working culture with India working culture, however without losing its main mission and strategy.To ensure this is excuted properly, A. G. Barr needs to obtain a specialist in the Indian market and culture. 4. 2 RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS In India, the soft drink market is dominated by three main players The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), PepsiCo and Parle Bisleri Ltd securing 74. 1% of the total market volume (Datamonitor, 2011). Table 4 India soft drinks market share % share, by volume, 2010(e) BBC News (2011) reports that TCCC planned to invest $2 billion in India to boost its market share and expected India to be in its top five markets by 2020.Meanwhile, PepsiCo intend to launch a new product, nutrient water with Tata Water targeting at the young urban consumers to gain more market shares (Pagnament a, 2012). This shows how competitive the rivalry in the India soft drinks industry where the two major market shares are actively investing and developing new products to gain more shares. 4. 3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS The big players of the India soft drinks industry are actively improving themselves and distinguishing their products through several(a) methods. Furthermore, TCCC and PepsiCo are renowned world soft drinks brands which have been existing in the India market for many years.Though new companies in the industry may have bar competing with the existing players, it may accomplish small success by using different production method or focusing on the lesser ventured catergories of the soft drinks markets such as health drinks and energy drinks (Datamonitor, 2011). This could be a major break through for A. G. Barr as its most popular products the IRN-BRU is low in sugar and contains additional benefits of an energy drink. In addition, the Rockstar series which are designed to target those who lead active lifestyles may be able to attract the young, urban consumers.With several advertising accolades, A. G. Barr has the knowledge and is able use the power of media to attract potential consumers and gain more market shares. 4. 4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES The main substitutes for soft drinks markets are traditonal tea and coffee, homemade juices and unexampled water from the water plants or piping system. As A. G. Barr and other leading soft drinks companies have diverse products to cater to the different needs of the consumers carbonates, bottled water, juices etc this will narrow down the threat of substitutes.However, the threat is still relatively cut back as retailers and distributors may give more shelf space for traditional tea and coffee products as they may be stored at mode temperatures (Datamonitor, 2011). 5. GOVERNMENT BBC News (2011) reports that India is ranked ninety-fifth out of 183 nations in the enhancer International Corruption Percep tions (TICP) list. Due to the high corruption scandals among its government officials, low or invisible legislative work, red tape and bureaucracy, India has dropped from 87th in 2010 to 95th (BBC News, 2011).Despite its numerous intervention, corruption in India is an issue which is very difficult to get rid off since most of the political members and officals have their own agendas and are resistant to change (India Risk overview, 2011). Hence, foreign companies will faced many setbacks when they venture into the India sectors. 6. ROLE OF CHANCE The role of chance plays a small part in factoring the soft drinks industry as most of the technology are at it most advanced state. The only main issue currently is the Iran oil crisis.As India still refuses to cut Iranian oil imports, this may lead to a huge setback if ground forces decides to flesh out Iran and ignore Indias relation with Iran (CBS News, 2012, Kennedy, 2012). With a potential strain relationship with USA, this could l ead to severe freeze in the trade and foreign bespeak investments. Furthermore, the other two traid nations, EU and Japan, may follow suit USAs decision to cut ties with India for refusing to withdraw the purchasing of Iranian oil. shutdown In conclusion, the soft drinks market in India is huge though it is predominately hold by 3 major key players.To venture into this territory, a new company need to set itself apart from the majpr players through unique advertising, separate production method and diverse product offerings. New companies may set an initial low price of its products to attract consumers however this should not be a long term strategy. Companies need to have a huge capital investment to counter the corruption, trade policies and poor infrastructure. Thus, expenditures and initial start-up cost will be high and companies will have to redistribute part of the cost to its final consumers in order to gain profits.PART B little EVALUATION OF PORTERS NATIONAL DIAMOND M ODEL Michael E. Porter is a well renowned economic strategist whom has writen 18 books and over125 articles (HBS, 2008). With a core field of operations in competitive strategy, Porter has written and developed a number of strategic frameworks such as the Porters National Diamond model and Porters 5 Forces analysis. Since the model was based on eight developed countries and two industrialized countries, an analysis on developing, growing countries such as India is flawed.This is because these developing countries are not on the same economic level as the 10 countries. Thus, though the Porters National Diamond (PND) model analysis almost every case of Indias profile, it still lacks in-depth analysis and companies should not base their analytical evaluation on the PND model alone. As supported by Van hideaway Bosch, and Van Proojien (1992), both authors believed that PND model provide limited analysis on the control of national culture on the competitive advantage of nations.Simila r to the EU countries, India too has a diverse set of culture which plays significant role in the management of the countrys economy, laws, trade policies and governance. There are limited sources on India and the soft drinks market due to the lack of legistative work from the government officals. Furthermore, some of the reports or statistics may not be merely accurate due to the high corruption level. For example, reports may state that India is able to generate 90% of its power but the power plants are inconsistent and supplies are frequently distrupted.Also, to what extend is the literacy rate of India is correct? The literacy rates may be higher than stated as with 1. 22 billion people, India officials may have a tough job collecting the accurate datas. Moreover, with high poverty and low income, most of Indian citizens have the thrifty mentality whereby they prefer things which are basically free even though it perhaps harmful such as drinking untreated water. These are the pros of the PND model for India Analysis different aspect of the country profileTakes into account the role of government which is the most essential for India These are the cons of the PND model for India Limited credible sources for analysis Little depth as India is a huge country with various swinging factors. Limited analysis on the cultural effect on a countrys competitive advantage Ways to improve the PND model for India Supporting the model with other analysis model such as PEST, SWOT, Porters 5 Forces and Fons Trompenaars Seven Cultural Dimensions. Intentsive enquiry on the market and the growth of the market. REFERENCES A. G. Barr (2012) About Us. gettable at http//www. agbarr. co. uk/agbarr/newsite/ces_general. nsf/wpg/about_us-our_strategy (Accessed 22 litigate 2012). BBC News (2011) Coke plans $2bn India investment in bid to boost growth. operational at http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-15731884 (Accessed 20 February 2012). BBC News (2011) India Transparency Inter national corruption index blow. Available at http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-india-15979646 (Accessed 01 March 2012). CBS News (2012) U. K. glide path on Iran has enormous downsides. Available at http//www. cbsnews. com/8301-202_162-57380838/u. . -attack-on-iran-has-enormous-downsides/? tag=mncollst1 (Accessed 20 February 2012). India. CESS (2004) Right to Drinking Water in India. Available at http//www. cess. ac. in/cesshome/wp%5CWater. pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012). CIA (2012) South Asia, India. Available at https//www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in. hypertext markup language (Accessed 20 February 2012). FAO (2012) Faostat. Available at http//faostat. fao. org/site/339/default. aspx (Accessed 01 March 2012). HBS (2008) Harvard Business crop Faculty & Research. Available at http//drfd. bs. edu/fit/public/facultyInfo. do? facInfo=bio&facEmId=mporter (Accessed 10 April 2012). India Risk overview (2011) Business Asia, 43, 14, pp. 10-11, Busine ss Source Premier, EBSCO Online. Available at http//searchebscohost. com (Accessed 22 March 2012). Kennedy (2012) US Pleas for Asia to Cut Iranian oil Imports Fall on Deaf Ears, Oilprice. Available at http//oilprice. com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/US-Pleas-for-Asia-to-Cut-Iranian-Oil-Imports-Fall-on-Deaf-Ears. html (Accessed 20 February 2012). Maps of India (2012) India Agriculture. Available at

How to Overcome a Challenging Obstacle

How to Overcome a Challenging breastwork in Your Everyday Living. Amethyst K. Oliver Baker College of Clinton T admitship Composition I Andrea Nienstedt How to Overcome a Challenging Obstacle in Your Everyday Living. Overcoming a struggle is normal for every wholeness. People should non be ashamed of what they be not obedient at we be in possession of to look at the point that each individual is not release to locomote good at anything so easily like we want it to be. It is forever and a day good for a person that wants to really admit something they believe they leave alone be become stronger at.It takes take time and patience. I personally believe for the individuals that ar the wizs that deposet accept the fact when someone makes a mistake they atomic number 18 not say adapted. Dealing with difficult people is very habitual in life, sometimes we agree to figure out and understand the ones who tries to criticize otherwises-what makes them birth the way they do. I think being assertive is always the in effect(p) thing to do. Im going to discuss what Sedariss obstacles in this essay were and also discuss much about my few obstacles that was tie in to Sedaris, personally.Reading what David Sedaris was going through in the essay he wrote, called Me colloquy middling champion Day, the one thing I can relate to that is that I know how it definitely feels to think that you are so alone in a cutting environment redundant. Personally, I went to two different laid-back shoals and I was afraid of meeting new people at primary I was never used to switching schools. I had always stayed at the same school, just now I had realized in the near hereafter I would had to face up my fears and socialize with different individuals, different ethnicities.At my make it high school, I felt so alone. Everyone at the school had their ingest cliques I was always to myself, from the time I started there until the time I was finished. I would seek to so cialize with some of the people, however I would have this estimation that they probably werent going to like me. Honestly, there were some people that I kind of wanted to hang around with but they were too stuck-up. I told myself I would never try to please other people if they dont want to become my fri overthrow. Sedaris went to a school in France just to learn and experience a new terminology French.When he arrived, he was sadly stuck with a teacher who was abusive and say nasty things to him and other individuals. All of the things that she was saying were frustrating him he tried and true to not let her vicious words keep up to him. He thought he was all alone, in this crazy teachers creative activity, when one day he came in to see everyone huddled together talking a voice communication to each other. In addition to that, close to the end of the essay he was in the long run able about to speak their language just because of the contention that happened in the classr oom between his teacher and one of his classmates.Ive knowledgeable from the Golden Rule Treat others the way you want to be treated, compliancy is earned not given. Basically what this verse in my own personal experience that Ive dealt with in my life as I am going to explain about is if there was something that I did not know how to do but another individual doesnt respect nor understand you are accomplishment something for the first time and they judge you so bad just because my learnedness skills were different than theirs, they dont understand the true meaning of fairness.The importance of everyone is not always going to be talented at every single thing, which that does not make them a bad person. Whenever I start learning something that is new to me I always ask someone to help me get through it most will always give back and help me with what they need to do, and majority may not. For the people that would criticize I will not be able to succeed and make it out here in this life. Ive learned that sometimes it can be hard not letting things get into you, but in order to become stronger you have to believe in yourself and think about the outcomes into figuring out, What If? Most importantly, collaboration is very important. The more you and that individual collaborate the better you will be as utmost as reaching for success. Generally speaking, learning a whole new different language is not easy there are so many concepts to learning a new language for many individuals to understand. Although, learning how to speak a foreign language that interests you is extremely important. You do not have to pay money or travel just to learn a foreign language, where if you go to school and they have a teacher who teaches one of the many foreign languages for free.When practicing on becoming better at learning a foreign language, there are different aspects into learning a whole new language, which includes with the grammar and pronunciation (the two important ones in composition. ) The pronunciation can become the bigger problem it can be so hard to pronounce something that is new to you. You exhaust with your foolishness and reenforcement my efforts with nothing but pain do you understand me (Sedaris, 2000)? What Sedaris meant by that is he was tired of what this rude teacher had said to him, it was time for him defend what was set and let it continue. I know the thing that you speak exact now. Talk me more, you, plus, please, plus (Sedaris, 2000). Two of the quotes in Sedariss essay, he meant was that he finally understood the language from after all the chaos and commotion that was going in the classroom and he told that teacher if she has something to say to him say it again. He wasnt afraid to speak what was on his mind. Those were the two major quotes in Sedaris essay that really moved me and it made me realized with he was emotionally suffering with his deceiving teacher.He was proving his fact toward the teacher and he wasnt going have her believe that he couldnt speak out his true feelings. In this essay Ive read, I believed that Sedaris is a hard worker that is toilsome his best to accomplish what he was trying to do. I believe that this teacher wanted everyone to get better at the language she was teaching but in my opinion she has to understand that everyones person learning skills are way different than others.Similarly, Sedaris and I had one issue in common and that was feeling like you are all alone in this world but really it does feel that way whenever you are at a new environment. Differences are not good or bad, but it is good to accept the fact that people do things differently is the first cadence to understanding what how they learn differently and with whom they truly are. Be willing to try new things and avoid criticizing others and not let him or her underestimate your abilities. eccentric Sedaris, D (2000) Me Talk Pretty One Day. Me Talk Pretty One Day (pp. 166-173) New York Little , Brown.

History Test Questions Essay

Manzanar in CA appearrage of $ & deoxyadenosine monophosphate quality 100th Battalion Purple Heart Battalion 44second Regimental trash Team fought in Italy, France, Germ whatever Most decorated combat unit in US nar dimensionn for proportion of length of service Buddha Heads Most japanese-Ameri foots served as s superannuatediers in atomic number 63 while interpreters and much(prenominal) went to the peaceful obvious racialism/ un standardizedness Minority sort out most adversely affected by Washington DCs fighttime policies was Nipponese-Ameri preempts incarceration costs effects c angstroms injustice military service Nisei born in USA, so citizens The frequent office to fightd WWII was less idealistic & antiophthalmic factor ideological & deoxyadenosine monophosphate much practical(a) than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook What would Zinn say in Ch 16? ) In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Nipponese immigrants who came to the U SA were a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan c ared who was sent) who was/were better prepared & adenosine monophosphate educated than most europiu worldly concern immigrants (so they were middle class & deoxyadenosine monophosphate usu solelyy had $)Ex. Japan felt represented wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th snow so personation brides When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, state of struggle declared on 8th), 1941, a majority of Ameri weeds had no crap idea of what the state of warfare was near * WWI had c angstrom unitaigned ( be fonts many people didnt hump in WWI either Ex.Sergeant York & adenine G all(prenominal)ipoli) During WWII, the US govt commission the achievement of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, & axerophthol Loas) fighttime agencies & adenosine monophosphate functions War Production Board assign priorities w/res pect to use of in the altogether materials & antiophthalmic factor transportation facilities social occasion of Price Administration control take inflation by rationing essential goodsWar Labor Board imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases F oxygenise Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) saw to it that no hiring difference practices were used against Af-Ams gather upking employment in war industries * A Philip Randolph 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equivalence in hiring FDR feared march so made a deal to say Executive Order 8802 for Af-Ams fair employment in wartime industries Randoplh was draw of Br separate(a)hood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Ams but or so clears besides began in 1920s) While most US workers were robustly attached to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes guide by the linked Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits. ) * Coal mine is almost as risky as w ar in circumstance they die more than any other industrial workers, two post then and today only crab ishing is truly more raving mad by proportion although they are a great deal safer today During WWII labor unions step instantially increased their membership There were some(prenominal) strikes Ex. wholeed Mine Workers unjust distribution of wartime profits * Bracero Program p. 833 Mexicans work in agriculture & deoxyadenosine monophosphate some industries (later deported in the offensive Operation Wetback) Ironic later 1930s treatment in CA for example Okies for Mexicans, etc Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act June 1943 federal govt could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex.Coal mines and RRs briefly p. 832 Employment of more than 6 cardinal women in America (3 million had never worked for wages to begin with) industry during WWII led to the establishment of day-care centers by govt (*Rosie vs. W annihilatey) Usually single women or w/ preserve in the war we re the singles running(a) in defense plants/war industries * non equal pay for equal work in almost all cases although some women earned as good or better silver if they were outstanding some were indeed Ex. P. 33 WOW poster * My recruiting posters & WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in europium Ex. Britain & USSR in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Ams (both men & women) * Migrations from South as Af-Ams leave while to the South came war industries and military bases Why? punk wages & precise few unions * Not a strong desire for most women to work for wages (especially in defense industries, etc) *** p. 833 WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) GI Government Issue * USCG & Merchant Marine Main evidence majority of women workers left labor force at annihilate of WWII was family debt instrument Af-Ams did all of following during WWII rally behind slogan of persona V (victory over Axis & rac ism at property), jaunt north & west in large migrations (seeking work oft in war industries) (move to cities urban begins to mean black) (ghettos created non same Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation & discrimination Ex. melt riots in Detroit in 1943 later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant institution called the Congress of racial Equality (CORE 1942 & increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen 332nd/99th w/impeccable record no bombers lost on their escorts Benjamin O. Davis sr. & Benjamin O. Davis junior West Point grads curioured silent treatment from whites Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron see picture on . 835), What about armed combat in integrated combat units?Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Which is to the lowest degree related to the other three? A Philip Randolp h (Bro of Sleep Car Porters threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 led to Executive Order 8802 in 1963, financial aided organize march to Wash DC for MLK jrs I commit a Dream speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC to protect Af-Ams to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination but better than w/out it), proposed negro March on Washington, What about the Smith-Connally (Anti- Strike) Act (1943)?On pp. 834-836 Migration exemplify on p. 834 * Cotton production in South hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and carecropping farmers (whites too who did this many) w/ introduction of mechanisation so migration p. 836 * Native Americans 25,000 serve Ex. Comanche in Europe & Navajo in pacific code talkers p. 836 *** LA, CA summer 1943 Zoot Suit Riots Pachucos vs. Servicemen violence avenging gangs blame re accomplishments tensions Victory Suits race riots p. 836-837 ** Rac e riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 fatalities pp. 36-837 grownup govt intervention received its greatest kick upstairs from WWII (not the crude Deal) During WWII, most Ams economically experienced successfulness & a doubling of personal in come p. 837 national Gross study Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 billion gross national product grew to $200 billion in 1945 corporate profits rose from $6 billion in 1940 to $12 billion by 1944 Henry Stimson (Sec of War) if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you hit to let business make money out of the process, or business wont work. p. 837 * disposable income after war-time taxes more than multiply (but there was inflation too) * post-war consumerism w/sur summation income to purchase in post-war US economy Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages & consumer demand * Office of Scientific Research and Development p. 37 developed weapons, including atomic (n uclear) bombs *** warfare-welfare plead b/t 1941-1945 * rationing total war effort affixation drives kids had Al drives for example, etc Ex of poster When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler Black food market Chart for Rise in internal Debt rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war p. 837 On p. 38 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion 10 time more than WWI more $ than all federal spending since 1776 income tax 4 times as many people than ahead war some people taxed as high as 90% of income taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost shack is borrowed from US public Liberty Loans Bond Drives others loaned $ too care individuals who were rich tycoons & moguls and/or through corporations & banks 1941 National Debt was $49 billion grew to $259 billion in 1945 war cost $10 million per hour at peak of war plus blood, sweat, & tears tremendous loss of life Ex.USSR lost more than any other country Northward migration of Af-Ams accelerated after WWII b/c mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p. 836 During WWII, American Indians locomote off of reservations in large numbers (25,000 served in military) p. 836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USAs Af-Am communities had shifted to northern cities pp. 834-835 * p. 836 The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation Migartion Map on p. 834 National debt increased most during World War II (and post-WWII to present) p. 838 Most $ embossed to finance WWII came through borrowing (individuals, corporations bonds for middle class & working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans bond sales hugely promoted) p. 38 startle naval struggle in history in which all of the combat was buste by (aircraft) letter carrier-based aircraft was the involution of the Coral Sea (May 1942 come out NE Australia Tie to stop Nippones e threat/ trespass of the region Down Under USA lost one carrier USS Lexington USS siege of Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at halfway where she was at long last sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive damage from aircraft that left her a enthusiastic wreck) * Midway 2nd such battle b/t carrier flitters so far apart they never see each other June 3rd-6th, 1942 the turning point of the peace-loving war p. 839 The tide of Japanese conquering in the Pacific was turned following the date of Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * dilate our 3 carriers to their 4 we sank all four and lost only one planes luck plans codes drama Spruance, Nimitz, etc plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was diversion, which was fairly effective cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp. 39-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their set out to control much of the Pacific when they over extended themselves instead of digging in & consolidating their gains p. 839 Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of chinaware, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl seaport before confederative go ups began.In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of (leapfrogging and) island-hopping crosswise the South (and primal) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible but not always Ex. Philippines & Pelelieu & Aleutians) MacArthur/US Army & Halsey in South USMC & Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific All strategies considered & implemented in some fashion sedate bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia & Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over the Hump of the Himalayas, & turning Japanese flanks in bran-new Guinea (MacArthur) & Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done but priority was jell on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), & USCG in two prong drive across south & central Pacific with Adm.Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas Tinian & Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could demeanour round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands But a terrible volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 arse hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way could herald Japan that bombers were coming plus many damaged bombers needed the decisive air strip on the island for emergency landings so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 age in Hell before the island was immaculately secure giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi the 2 nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho assort won participation of Atlantic by escorting convoys of merchants (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) Ex. Carrier & other Task Forces, dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. situated in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At wars end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly arm of voluntarily service & still got volunteers up until the end 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 Adm Downitz asked for more before war didnt get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts depth charges RADAR (B-24s & B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) SONAR Enigma code machine & codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing wolf packs (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic Most imp ortant battle in Western EuropeUntil Spring 1943, perhaps Hitlers greatest opportunities of defeating Britain & winning the war was the German U-boat would destroy allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitlers advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined * Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) & lack of adequate resources * Wed bring on gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans as indeed we did rattling until 1943 we needed to learn how to fight Stalin was angry we left his country to hold up while we lagged in opening a second front n France to relieve the USSR cannot blame him entirely FDRs promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942 was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the under(a)taking really) * So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy before two major invasions of France in June & Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional stop was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a relinquish would encourage the antagonist to resist as long as possible (but USA withal did this to show a ommitment to USSR as an accomplice against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDRs & Churchills insistence on the absolute and unconditional fall of Germany eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology Casablanca, Morocco Jan 1943 FDR & Churchill meet Pacific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p. 842, (Cairo, Egypt before capital of Iran w/FDR & Churchill converse Chiang & Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) Nov twenty-eighth Dec 1st, 1943 plans for W & E attacks on Germany p. 844 FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany July 1945 Truman, Churchill, Stalin Potsdam Declaration & how to end war & post-war plans p. 851 Chronology Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea & Vietnam) one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts served under Patton in N Africa & was at the Bulge his eye was reprieve out of his head attached by the optic nerve they deliver his eye but the war messed the young man up for the rest of his life mentally carrying the burdens of death her other brother was in Pacific he would not come home until Japan was beaten VJ Day 8/15/45 Japans surrender was 8/14/45 official surrender on deck of battleship USS atomic number 42 in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 WWII was finally over after many deaths military & ivilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major present moment of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italys surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French At least they assert to be lovers not fighters but the Romans seriously spue a foot in and/or up ones booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire cognise for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (really until the end of the war in Northern Italy also grating to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it delayed the D-Day invasion & allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (iron curtain) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp. 841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, & Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, & Germany US First Army The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group)Italians switched sides Germans reinforced bloody battles b/c of terrain Ex. Anzio * I disaccord w/this Italy was a vital & expensive front perhaps managed poorly, but necessary At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p. 844 was Sicily & Italy before France Stalin still not happy Cross impart (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) Ike West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, prominent political general needed for this command to deal w/ the prima- onnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) p lus other issues he was the right man for the job although many disagreed about that at the time ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) & fault 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, mobile/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) In a sense, FDR was the forgotten man at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c so much assist was focused on who would be VP (Truman Sen from MO political machine failed in business US Army rtillery Major in WWI ) (VP & motive Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a cephalalgia and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for acute anterior poliomyelitis was) on April 12th, 1945 funeral train some people had really only cognize FDR as pr esident, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR Eleanor say to Harry, The president is dead. Truman replied, Is there anything I can do for you. Mrs Roosevelt responded, Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, youre the one who is in trouble now. FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) Action by USA against Adolf Hitlers campaign of genocide against the Jews was reprehensively slow in coming Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps USA did know Govt knew for sure since 1942 when final resultant was implemented US govt knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitlers book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war, nor would many of t hem fought for that ideal anywaymy opinionso you know its correct ( Hitlers last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA & British (plus other Allies) came in Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there got that nasty eye wound Hurtgen Forrest (When yellow pitcher plant Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border brutal mine fields slaughter overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten Bulge why its called the Battle of the Bulge weather secrecy push through indistinct Ardennes Malmady Mr. High casualties 76,000 US worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) Germans lost 140,000+ cold no air cover for weeks Bastogne 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Bastogne, Hitlers Eagles draw close Patton & 3rd Army costly choice to push projection back rather than pinch it (liposuction) air cover returns push to the Rhine USSR displace from the East USSR in Ber lin brutalAs result of Battle of Leyte disconnect Japan was finished a s a naval place (Philippines 1944 largest naval battle ever Halsey Taffy 3 Kamikazes Yamato) Philippines fell 500 POWs carry through at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) hold outs in to 1970s Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war ***** War of contrition in Pacific to the death rarely took prisoners on either side unless want information Potsdam Conference issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of face a rain of ruin from the air Its already facing a rain of ruin from the air as did German cities p. 851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of gigantic weapon to use on Japan Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) told Truman to use it & promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier entered war 8/8/45, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed t hreat of more bombing not specific as to use of an atomic bomb more bombing so what already taking that Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That ***** Letter c in the answer choices The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans who attempt heavy wet in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks one at the plant, the other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was plan & ready to go they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishis Unit 731 in Manchuria chemical & biological weapon s delivery systems Ex. High stature balloons, flea bombs, etc- USA made post-war deal w/ the DevilNo war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally limited by agreeing to let Japans Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic govt) * No war crimes trials for emperor butterfly Tojo took the fall for emperor no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis let Japan have terms that Germany did not get then USA built up former enemies (W Germany & Japan) into allies while former allies (USSR&lt etc) became enemies COLD WAR The following were qualities of US participation in WWIIA group of highly effective military & political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons & supplies (usually more, & later, better equipment than enemies out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction fr om air (small submarine skirmishes & some off-shore shelling, & some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance & re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) p. 27 FDR as all wise for Germany first strategy over those who disagree Pacific war always get ripped off p. 828 Allies parcel out Space for Time * German (& Japanese) scientists weapons A-Bombs pp. 829-832 The Shock of War pp. 830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order 9066 (100th/442nd) pp. 832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners exploited, underpaid share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp. 833-834 Man military force & Woman power Braceros (later deportations in Operation Wetback) Rosie (Wendy) day-cares p. 834 War migration map pp. 835-837 wartime migrations p . 835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p. 835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order 8802) **** (Charles Drew Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion put in charge of Allied blood banks he was forced to segregate blood too his death outside a hospital after an accident died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p. 835 Double V, CORE 1942, NAACP membership increases p. 836 Comanche (Europe) & Navajo (Pacific) code talkers pp. 836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 & Detroit, MI 1943 jerky rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some distressingly cherry action. pp. 837-838 Holding the Homefront p. 837 National Debt Chart pp. 838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p. 838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, & Corrigador (Philippines) p. 838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p. 38 Flying the Hump in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road Merrils Mauraders & Gen Stillwell) p. 838 ill-trained Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast delays Japanese Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p. 839 Japans High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp. 839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hopping & leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies Guam (Saipan suicides), Marianas Turkey Shoot F6F Hellcat kill ratio 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea massive Japanese losses p. 840 Map of Pacific War p. 841 Churchill The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. pp. 841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p. 41 Battle of the Atlantic U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war Downitz) no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is terminus ad quem (U-571) pp. 842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p. 842 USSR lost 20 million pp. 842-843 unconditional surrender debate & results pp. 843-846 D-Day June 6th, 194p. 845 Examining the Evidence Teheran 1943 Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p. 844 Ike chose n to command D-Day invasion (feignt w/Patton at Calais codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc) p. 846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p. 846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp. 846-847 FDR Four Termite of 1944 p. 47 strain on VP Truman on Sen Committee for Wasteful Spending told to stop investigation Manhattan Project he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p. 848 FDR defeats Dewey FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p. 848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. pp. 848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p. 849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties worst US battle ever so far * Okinawa & Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p. 848 bombings pp. 848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p. 849 Holocaust camps liberated horrors known now for all (unit 731 i n Manchuria) p. 849 FDRs deathVE Day 5-8-45 pp. 49-851 Japan Dies breathed US subs sinking Japanese ships cutting off Japans vital lifeline sank 1. 042 ships 50% of Japans merchant fleet p. 850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 83,000 KIA p. 850 Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, & Pkinawa short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) Okinawa, Japanese had 200,000 military & civilian casualties p. 851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, garner from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p. 851 Kamikazes (Saipan & Leyte, then Iwo & Okinawa worst of all no Final Battle wouldve been worst) They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp. 851-853 Atomic Bombs p. 52 Hiroshima picture post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantaneously 60,000 died later from radiation, etc p. 852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later U SSR invaded Manchuria & North Korea (not a country pull N & S until 1950) 8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc pp. 853-854 The Allies merrimentant p. 853 US casualties 1 million 1/3rd KIA plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost 20 million plus more casualties 13. 6 million military killed plus 7. 2 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p. 853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. & submarines on both coasts p. 853 In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. Kind of funny given US history dont you think? p. 854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p. 854 production marvels won war through production more of everything then eventually better & more Churchill Nothing succeeds li ke excess. Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe Americans cant build planes only electric ice boxes and razor blades. Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p. 854 But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. What would Zinn say? Is this a name and address to loss of liberties during WWI Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would enemy aliens and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian & German internment Japanese-American internment p. 854 Chronology p. 855 World War II Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationistic appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out made it worse Another thought FDR was naive isolationistOthers thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz sai d bomb was used to dismay USSR & hurry surrender MartinJ. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), & Japans militarist govt w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japans govt Battle of Berlin brutal pay back refugees rapes POWs Hitlers death

Law and Society Essay

They had about no voice. Men were only(prenominal) expected to forget their wife with the necessities of life, and to treasure her. This system or way of functioning was called covert. Women were expected to provide a welcoming home and a carefree environment for their husbands, when they returned from a long hard day of laboring work. Laws that were put into place in the early 1 9th century stated that married women were completely nether the fudge of their husbands, much like a slave was under the control of his master.There was a hero that If the man killed his wife, it is non really his fault, she must meet done roughlything wrong, but if a woman killed her husband, she is punished with an equal heap as it is a capital crime to bite the hand that feeds you. Although some marriages were fine and worked out to the advantages if both partners, troublesome marriages were the issue. When a wife disagreed with her husband, she did not really have any grounds on which to prot ect herself.Although rapine was a crime under the law, the government barely enforced t when it came to domestic cases. Also, women were not allowed to really have any of their own money. The luxuries that they could bed were limited and under the complete control of what their husband would allow and stand for. If the two tried to divorce, she would be left with nothing and him with a fortune. Womens rights were unornamented from her when she married. As Elizabeth Caddy Stanton said, As a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education, all colleges being closed against her. This quote represents how women were case-hardened very similarly to inferior beings, much like slaves were, except with slight cruelty. They were seen as not worthy of education. Quite frankly, as a feminist, I believe that men were afraid that women would overcome their abilities and surpass them in wealthiness and success. Wo men began to fight and stand up for themselves by educating themselves in the law and try to find loopholes in it.One example of this was Harriet Douglas and Henry Kruger. Harriet loved Henry, but only agreed o marry him when she put him under the restrictions that the wife would unremarkably be put under. Although their marriage did not work out, and Harriet still lost half of her property when they separated, she still set a standard and began a revolution for womens rights. Stanton pronounced her Declaration of Sentiments at the first womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. She proposed twelve resolutions to a series of wrongs, and all twelve passed.Also, states began evanescent the Married Womens Property Act gave omen the ownership of the property they owned before their marriage. Following that act was the Earnings Act, which gave women the right to keep their income and wage from their job. Although womens rights saw umpteen optimistic reforms in the late 1 9th century, thither was still much to be done for equality. Women were still restricted in many ways, but they had taken an important step towards their goal. These reforms would take many, many years to come about, but their achievements thus far were phenomenal and had a big impact on the culture of America.

Men’s Pride Essay

In a fiction or a work of fiction, the characters be remembered by tenets and personalities lonesome(prenominal) they possess. These personality and belief make them stand step up from all the other characters in the paper. They do non pitch to be the lead protagonist or the main opposer earlier, their belief or trait makes them the best in the eyes of some readers. In the show window of two greatest works of fiction, grand of Gilgamesh and Othello, it is the hook of the character and their belief in themselves that makes them stand aside from the others. It is the pride and later the ability to spate it aside and apologize for their deed.In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh, the great force stood show up because he was the proudest of the proud. His belief in himself ca utilize most of the misfortune that took place in the story. Only in the decease did he realize his mistakes. The same whitethorn be said on Othello in the play that Shakespeare wrote. He was in a ny case proud, and this pride has caused as much misfortune in the story as did the trait of Gilgamesh. This also made him stand out from among the other characters. The properly Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic that originated in Iraq. It is a Sumerian leg finis just about a great King, who is like a God.He has a military posture that can non be equaled. He is also as powerful as their gods wherein neither man nor animal can whelm him. As such, the gods decided to get to another being that can equal him. When Gilgamesh met this being, whom the gods named, Enkidu, Gilgamesh immediately liked him. They considerably became fri polish offs despite the initial plan of the gods to have Enkidu kill Gilgamesh. Their bond was instantaneous. They started doing a lot of adventures together, even those that are forbidden and may offend gods (Hooker). Unfortunately, in one of their adventures a god was offended and as punishment for this, Enkidu died. later Enkidus death Gilgames h was almost out of his mind and did more mere(a) decisions that caused misfortunes. However, despite what he saw, he did not apologize but rather last outed proud. Only after all his adventures did he come to his knees and realized his mistakes (Hooker). From this presently scheme of the epic, it may be seen that at the very beginning, Gilgamesh already showed his pride and belief in his self. He was aware of his great power and the vest of strength that destiny has gifted upon him. The king of Uruk knew that none of his subjects can defeat him or defy him.As such, he lived by this knowledge and used it to his advantage (Epic of Gilgamesh). He was a proud and tyrannical king and he stood out because of this. point though his arrogant actions caused the death of his best friend Enkidu, this did not erase the fact that he was a memorable character because of it. He was much kn avouch than Enkidu not only because he carried the namesake of the epics title, but also because he we nt against the society. He did not become what other kinds are. He was cruel to his subjects. He was almost an antagonist rather than the lead protagonist due to his pride.He made the story move by not conforming to the masss expectations (Epic of Gilgamesh). However, despite the seemingly terrible character of Gilgamesh he should also be commended for being proud of himself. It should be noted that to stand up and remain proud despite other peoples constant gad to become nicer is a hard task especially for a king. Even the gods were urging him to become kinder to his subjects but he never gave in. Also, it should be noted that his pride is his strength. Because of it, he was able to overcome other difficult tasks that save his kingdom.Had he not been that arrogant, he would not have risked his life for the tasks that he was assigned to and he would not have been able to save his people. Furthermore, he would have committed suicide as a sign of defense for his actions. Thus, wi th this, the non-conformity and the trait of Gilgamesh made him a character that is very memorable. The Proud Othello Shakespeares Othello is about the moor Othello, whose life suddenly made a deflect because of the envy of one of the other characters. The great Othello was promoted in his job and his send-off action was to appoint an assistant.Iago, who was expecting to get the job, was not chosen. Instead Cassio became Othellos lieutenant. In his fury, Iago sought revenge against Othello and Cassio (Shakespeare). In order to have his revenge realized, Iago weaved lies in the lives of both Cassio and Othello, and even in the lives of other characters involved with the two. This twisted the story to the point that this not only caused Othello and Cassios death, but as tumesce as other people whose lives were connected to them. Most of the people, including Othello, believed the lies that Iago told them.By the end of the story, Othello could no longer contain his guilt and killed himself and claimed responsibility (Shakespeare). From this short synopsis it may be derived that Othellos life had been simple in the beginning. It was only made complex by the lies that Iago weaved in order to realize his revenge. scorn the fact that Iagos characteristics may actually make him stand out, Othello salve is the most memorable character. As in the case of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Othello stood out because of his pride and belief in himself. Being a moor, many would have contradicted his promotion.The society may dislike the fact that a man foreign of nature should not lead the army of Italy. However, because of Othellos pride and confiedence, he be himself worthy of the title (Black). To further prove that he was not like anyone else, an instance in the story told that most men learn to use potions in order to attract the beautiful Desdemona. Desdemonas tyro even believed that Othello did the same when he learned that Othello was sleeping with his daughter. But th en, because of Othellos pride and self-belief, he went against the societys expectations. He was able to captivate Desdemona without potions or magic (Shakespeare).Despite the seeming good results of Othellos assertion though, it should not be neglected that the same arrogance killed Desdemona at the end of the story. The inability to accept the truth caused him to kill her. This may be considered saddening as it was not entirely his fault. However, he was still the one who smothered her with the reside (Shakespeare). Othellos pride and belief in himself made him stand out from the crowd. He did not conform to the expectations that as a foreigner he cannot be a good soldier to their country. He also proved that he can get the woman he admires with sheer manfulness and not through potions or magic.Even the fact that he got himself into disturb because of his pride made his character that is not like any other. He defied societys expectations especially when he took his life at t he end of the play. This was an act of self-reproach for rebelling against the expectations that he did not want to apologize for. He did not conform because it would have meant hurting his enormous ego. Conclusion From the inclined information, it may be concluded that the two characters in the two disposed(p) pieces of literature, Epic of Gilgamesh and Othello, are characters that stood out from the crowd because of their pride and self-belief.Because of being proud, they could not afford to follow what other believed them to follow. They had to show their ability to decide for their own even though it may mean misfortune. They stood out because they went past the peoples expectations and proved themselves better than any other man. They had to act accord to their will because of their pride which took great strength. More importantly, in the end of their tales, they showed remorse by killing themselves rather than apologizing which the society expects from them.Works CitedBla ck, Edward. 2009. Oedipus and Othello Pride and the tragic Hero. Lone Star College. 30 April 2009 < http//northharris. lonestar. edu/30938/ >. Epic of Gilgamesh. 2009. Mythmanhelp. 30 April 2009 < http//mythmanhelp. tripod. com/id9. hypertext mark-up language >. Hooker, Richard. 1999. Gilgamesh. World Civilizations. 30 April 2009 < http//www. wsu. edu/dee/MESO/GILG. HTM >. Shakespeare, William. 2003. Othello. shakespeare-literature. com. 30 April 2009 < http//www. shakespeare-literature. com/Othello/0. html >.

Acquiring a Firm Resolve: Dignifying Maturity in the Short Story

There are moments in our lives when we radically heighten. Something happens to us that transforms us into a new person. It may come as we read an engaging text, as we undergo an enlightening experience, or as we witness an interesting event.The catalyst for this radical variegate may vary, but its impact will al counsellings be the identical we can never go back to our old self, because the change, once dvirtuoso, tag our individual history. This is what happens to Sammy, the main character of the short story, A&P written by John Updike.Sammy undergoes a personal change, a change that makes him take a stand and evolve from an immature teenager to a young man strongly resolved to stand firm in his beliefs.In the first part of the story, we see Sammys immaturity as he ogles at the three scantily clad girls. He observes them like either normal teenage boy he sees the girls as objects of interest because of the way they are dressed. He is delighted by their presence because of his attraction to them, particularly to the dominant girl in the group whom he calls Quennie, who is more than clean (page number).Sammy even goofs around with his co-worker Stokesie, reveling in the presence of the girls who are so misplaced, wearing cleanse suits at a grocery storeYou know, its one thing to have a girl in a bathing suit down on the beach, where what with the glare nobody can tonicity at each other much anyway, and another thing in the cool of the A & P, under the fluorescent lights, against all those luxurious packages, with her feet paddling along naked over our checkerboard green-and-cream rubber-tile floor.

Case Review: Linear Technology Essay

unidimensional Technology was base issue of Silicon V wholeey and founded in 1981. The confede dimensionn fussyized in design, manufacture and marketing of analog combine circuits. running(a) enjoyed a diversified customer base, with 33% of its crinkle advent from the communications sector, 27% from computers, 6% from automotive, and 34% from various different applications. With their rivet on the analog segment of the IC sector, which was characterized by custom designed products, it was imperative that elongated hires and retains talented people who were accustomed to out-of-the-box thinking and who could quick develop innovative techniques and products that would keep them competitive.Going IPO in 1986, one-dimensional operated with a modest CAPEX. Addition exclusivelyy they enjoyed rugged obsolescence of equipment and techniques. This combined with their low R&D expenses led to margins that exceeded that of competing digital IC products. This is supported by li nears 7th seat positioning on the Philadelphia shoot Exchange Semiconductor Index (SOX).analogues net income was at its highest in 2001, when global technology spending was at its highest, and its lowest gross revenue the following year. They unsounded maintained positive coin flows and strong margins this was stark(a) through various mechanisms such as cost cutting assist by their variable cost structure. As of 2003 Q3, unidimensional was emerging out of the recession with strong financials. However, top line sales and net income remained cut back than their high point in 2001. Due to political unrest throughout the World, the future of the tech manufacture remained un taint the farm. Year all over year maturement in 2003 when comp ared to 2002 was good, only when the family didnt run into a clear path to reaching 2001 levels. At the same time, they didnt want to relinquish margins in natural markets like Asia.By 1992 Linears forethought was comfortable in their a bility to sustain future exchange flows, having been hard coin flow positive since IPO, and began issuing dividends of $.00625 per disperse (payout ratio 15%). In 2002 LLTC continued issuing dividends, despite the higher payout ratio (27.24%), as they didnt want to lose favor with seators. It is likely that Linear viewed dividends as a expression to stay in the portfolio of mutual funds and EU investors who strongly favored dividend- remunerative stock certificates.Simultaneously, Linear excessively began to buy back packets when interest judge were low or/and when market valuation of Linear stock was low. They were doubting about paid out all or more of their cash in in dividends as this could prefigure lack of process potential. It is notable that well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) institutional investors held Linear stock, largest among which was Janus Capital. Linear wanted to be sure to channelize positive signals to their investors. With a large cash b alance ($1.5 billion) and no debt, Linear was at a crossroads they needed to know what to do with their cash. Their options were 1) authorize in new projects, 2) Payout via dividends and/or purchases, and 3) Save it for future investments in launching and diversification. In this p per, we go out analyze three different approaches in decidingLinears payout for Q3. nest 1 Cent Dividend add-onThe summary infra assumes the decision to buyback 165.7 million in stock provide not be gear uped. The decision to be made is to all raise our dividend by one cent per treat, or leave the ternary quarter dividend of .05 per appropriate intact.Payout DecisionHistorically Linear has not adjoin dividends in Q3, so a hidebound approach for the board would be to approve the continuation of the dividend policy from Q2. Continuing the status quo of .05 per percentage, the payout ratio would adjust to 27.48 pct of Net Income. Increasing dividend by one cent per share would ontogenesis the YTD payout ratio to approximately 29.31 percent for the three quarters (Exhibit 1), a modest append.At $0.06 dividend per share, the total Q3 dividend payout go away be $18.7 million, which volitioning inactive be considered small by our institutional investors, given our large cash position. The adoption of the 1-cent increase will provide a full religious offering of 215.70 million dollars back to our investors in the form of dividends and stock repurchases as shown belowPaying the additional 1-cent would still be lucid with our long-term dividend strategy, but the total package will not be aligned with the requests of some of our largest investors.Available exchange to DistributeAt this point it is important to mark that the firm will be paying out more to the shareholders via share buybacks and dividends, than the firm has available to the equity holders through its operations. This overpayment holds true if the firm holds the dividend at .05, or increases it to .0 6. The firm has generated a total of 207.5 million FCFE dollars, but would be choosing to payout a total of 215.7 million given the decision to increase the dividend by one cent. Staying committed to the .05 dividend reduces this figure by only three million.Cash Needs and Agency issuesSurplus cash to address any unexpected needs will readily be available by adopting the conservative one-cent increase plan. Increasing the dividend to .06 includes holding on to almost c percent of a truly large cash position, and at that placefore provides little extort to identify such future cash needs.SignalingLinears sales are trending upward since the 2002 decline, but the immediate future is still not clear. The adoption of this conservative plan would continue their strategy of systematically signaling a message of safety and consistency of cash flows to their investors, yet provide options for our turbulent times. Other uses for this cash such as change employee incentives, training, and workplace improvements should also be considered.Other ConsiderationsThe drawback for adopting the conservative plan without addressing the c oncerns of Janus and separate like-minded investors could signal that they are not quite ready to apprise that their recent troubles are behind them. If we do choose this plan, a conservatively crafted message to address investor concerns should be communicated to investors as quickly as possible. Additionally, anformer(a)(prenominal) approaches such as one-time share buybacks and superfluous dividends should be considered to address the concerns of Janus and other firms that share their view on Linears current cash position. We address these in Approach 2, 3 outlined in the sections that follow.Approach 2 Payout all of Linear Technologys Cash 1In this section, we consider an alternate payout strategy in which Linear returns all of its 1.5 billion to its shareholders, by either (a) Paying a fussy dividend of $5.01 per share, or (b) Repurchasing about 50 million shares.(a) Special Dividend of $5.01 per shareOne aim of the special dividend will be to show investors that Linear is in a good position and to buy shares from Linear Technology is not corresponding with the risk normally associated with the purchase of shares from technology companies. Additionally it signals to the market that Linear is serious about sharing its wealthiness with its shareholders. With these higher overall payouts, Linear Technology bum reach investors that shake off specific income goals. section chargeIn case of a dividend announcement, demand for shares will rise. If investors know that a authoritative dividend amount will be paid, the share price increases by that amount (Law of One price). In this case, the current share price is $30.87 and dividend inform will be $5.01 hence the share price cum dividend washstand be expected to increase to $35.88.1 Exhibit 4 shows calculations for add up presented in this sectionFirm t hink ofDepending on the time until the dividend is paid, not the whole amount of dividend is added to the share price. If there is still a certain period of time until the dividend is paid, only the net present value of the dividend will be added to the share price. It also can be said that the circumferent the payment of the dividend observes, the more the amount of the total dividend payment is added to the normal share price. That also means that consequently the market value of equity also will rise.At the day ex-dividend day the share price will drop below the level of the pre-announcement day because the dividend as driver of the rising demand had been paid. The additional value of $5.01 that was is not part of the share value any more. The dividend, as part of the equity, is paid to the shareholder. Therefore, the dividend policy as a whole will not be a decisive ingredient in the firms value.Payout ratioHowever, in this scenario the payout ratio becomes a ridiculously hi gh 945% (Exhibit-4), which is genuinely high compared to peers. (Exhibit 2)SignalingBy deploying bang-up through an increase dividend versus a share repurchase, management is signaling that Linears stock is fairly valued in the market. However, If Linear increases its dividend similarly much say by giving out all the cash as dividends, management could signal to the market that it believes the companys process is slowing and there are no new positive NPV projects for the company to invest in.However, this may jockstrap send a positive signal that the company is confident about generating positive cash flows for its operational and investment needs. Since profits of Linear Technology this quarter was far lower than that work year, a huge special dividend may help the investors regain organized religion in the company.Agency problemsIncreasing dividend is also a good way to reduce agency costs. With large amount of cash balance in hand, managers control over the capital beco mes larger. Paying dividend to the investors is an efficient way to get additional monitoring of the capital, and thus make it less attractive to managers to invest the money in projects that will reduce the benefits of the shareholders.Tax ClienteleWith this very high dividend, the company may attract more European and/or mutual fund investors, but it may generally upset institutional investors who do not clear tax exemptions. Also, the announcement of a dividend may prompt older and poorer investors to buy more of Linears stock. (b) Share repurchaseShare price and Shares outstandingLinear can repurchase 50.7 (16.23% of common shares) million common shares by spending all of its cash. When they do that, the number of outstanding shares will be 261.7 million. Historically, the stock price of companies has locomote following a share repurchase announcement as it can boost EPS. In this case EPS increases to $0.65. (Exhibit-4)SignalingBy deploying all of its capital towards share repurchases, management can signal the market that its stock very undervalued. Linear has had a positive cash flow over the geezerhood and they have an opportunity with a net cash of $1.5 billion to brace the supposed valuation disconnect by accelerating share repurchases.In summary, if the company goes out with a big stock buyback or special dividend, it will send a signal to investors that the company, is no longer a growth company, and stock value may decreaseApproach 3 Payout 50% of Linear Technologys Cash2Considering that management does not have a good line of sight into the future at this point, paying out all of Linears cash may be a risky move. Hence, in this section we look at a less aggressive approach that lies between preserving their cash balance (Approach 1) and paying out all of their cash (Approach 2). In evaluating this approach, we have assumed that Linear will need to keep up its quarterly dividend at $0.05, and the balance wheel of the cash after accounting for this quarterly dividend is available for either a special dividend or a share repurchase.The following section analysis the progeny of paying out 50% of the remaining cash militia either in the form of a special dividend of $2.51 or by repurchasing 25.35 million shares.EPS and Share PriceIf we were to repurchase shares using 50% of the cash, the EPS will increase from 0.55 to 0.59 close to the 2002 poesy of 0.62. Using a price/ internet ratio of 56.53 in 2003 (Exhibit-3), we can estimate the share price to increase to 33.65 with this increased EPS, cum dividend.If we were to pay out a special dividend of $2.51 per share instead, the share price cum dividend could be estimated to be a fast comparable $33.38 (Exhibit-5). EPS will be 0.55, very close to Q2 levels (0.54).Payout RatioThe dividend payout ratio in the case of the special dividend will be close to 486.3% (Exhibit-4) which is once again much higher than all of Linears peers (Exhibit-2). In contrast, with a share rep urchase, the payout ratio remains at level consistent with introductory quarters at 27.5%.2 Exhibit 4 shows the calculations for numbers presented in this sectionFirm value and Shareholder wealthRepurchases will help alleviate some of the dilution of the EPS arising out of options awarded to employees and managers, considering that Linears incentives for all employees include stock options. On the other hand, dividends will help distribute the wealth more evenly among all investors, term repurchases cause an peckish distribution as the shareholders who do not sell will see a drop in book value of the shares, from$5.01 to $3.23 (rough approximation based solely on cash assets Exhibit 5. Tax ClienteleWith the new rules that stipulate equal taxation rate of 15% for Capital gains and OIC, there are no quantifiable advantages one way or the other with respect to the decision to payout either in the form of a special dividend or repurchases. There may however, be some psychological im pacts to be considered depending on selectences of the shareholders. For example, if the vast majority of shareholders belong to the older demographic, they may prefer it if the stock paid dividends.SignalingLinears investors are apply to getting a dividend, and seeing periodic repurchases. Additional payouts of cash help increase ROE and reduce shareholders risk premium. At current low interest rates on cash (as of 2003), paying out at least some of the cash balance appears to be in the high hat interests of the shareholders. Though high payouts may signal that the company is lacking growth potential, it helps send a positive message that the company is keen on sharing its wealth. This message of being a cash-cow is better compared to the image of a company that is hoarding its wealth.PeersA quick look at truisms financials indicates that they have started sharing their cash with their shareholders in 2002 their cash returned was over 200% of their FCFE (Exhibit-2), and their cash reserves reduced by 455 million. They appear to have used that cash in repurchases in an effort to concentrate their wealth among a smaller number of shareholders, at the same time they managed to increase their top line numbers significantly, even compared to 2000. By sharing half their cash with their shareholders, Linear will be able to put itself on par with this close competitor.Agency issues and other considerationsOne time special dividends dont need to be kept up, so are essentially similar to repurchases in that respect. However, repurchases help boost EPS and prevent dilution, both(prenominal) of which have longer-lasting effects. In this respect a repurchase may be better than a dividend. As far as agency issues go, retaining 50% of the cash position may not provide as much incentive to work harder on identifying positive NPV projects, as expending 100% of the cash, but will work much better than retaining almost all of the cash as in Approach 1.Our Recommendat ion for LinearOur passport to Linear is to maintain status quo with respect to dividends pay the quarterly dividend of $0.05 per share, and to buy back 25.35 million shares using half the cash balance. Dividends consistent with previous quarters of 2003, are recommended to avoid any adverse market reactions, while the company works on figuring out their strategy to increase top line sales and earnings to the 2000-2001 levels or better. Cancelling the dividend altogether or paying less than last quarter is not an option, as this would be perceived very negatively by the market. Historically, Linear has never increased dividends in the Q3 compared to Q2 hence it is safe to maintain a dividend of 5 cents per share as in Q3. Additionally, as shown in Exhibit-2, Linear already pays more dividends compared to peers, including their close competitor Maxim.Paying out all of the cash may deprive the company of the required levels of liquidity. Given that the analog semiconductor industry re quires constant innovation and considering opportunities for new ventures such as entering the Asiatic market, it is safe to assume that the company should keep somecash reserves to account for unknowns.Linear is well aware that they need to expand their business and find ways to increase top line numbers, so retentiveness some cash, and supplementing it with capital from debt or/and equity markets is worth looking into. This forms the footing of our reasoning for recommending the use of only 50% of the cash balance to repurchase shares.Additionally, by repurchasing shares, Linear will be able to still sufficiently signal to the market that the stock is undervalued. At the same time, by maintaining some of the cash balance, they additionally signal the existence of profitable positive NPV projects for Linear to pursue. Considering the industry characteristics, and the stagnation reached in top line revenues, Linear will need to look at innovation and new markets, both of which co uld make dramatic increases in growth. In light of this, we are convinced that the EPS boosting effect of a share repurchase is more valuable to Linear at this point, than the effects of an equitable distribution of shareholder wealth via special dividends.